*Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

†Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

‡Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

§Temerty Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Education in Medicine (T-CAIREM), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

∥Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada

¶Data Science & Advanced Analytics, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

#Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada

**Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

††ICES, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

‡‡Department of Surgery, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

§§School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland

∥∥Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

¶¶Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

##Division of General Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

***Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

†††Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This research was partially funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ontario Ministry of Health, and PSI Foundation (B.L.). The funding sources did not play a role in the design or conduct of the research.

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

[email protected].

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