*Department of Hepatobiliary–Pancreatic and Gastrointestinal Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan

†Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

‡Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

§Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

∥Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan

¶Division of Esophageal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

This work was supported by grants conferred by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (23AA2007 and 22AA2003).

T.K. received grants from Pfizer Co. Ltd., Kanzawa Medical Research Foundation, and the Japan Kampo Medicines Manufacturers Association outside the submitted work. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.

[email protected].

Y.H., H.Y., and Y.K.: responsible for the conception and design of the study; Y.H., H.I., K.U., H.M., and K.F. collected and assembled the data; Y.H. and H.I.: analyzed the data; Y.H., H.Kaneko, T.K., S.M., H.Kawakubo, H.D., O.I., H.Y., and Y.K.: contributed to the interpretation of the analyses; Y.H.: wrote the initial draft; H.Kaneko, T.K., S.M., H.Kawakubo, H.D., O.I., H.Y., and Y.K.: performed critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content.

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