Van Woensel JBM, Van Aalderen WMC, Kimpen JLL (2003) Viral lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. BMJ 327(7405):36–40

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hewison M (2012) An update on vitamin D and human immunity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 76(3):315–325

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papadaki M, Marmarinos A, Tsolia M, Gourgiotis D, Soldatou A (2021) Cathelicidin levels in nasal secretions are associated with the severity of acute bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 56:1673–1680

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA (2009) Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 169(4):384–390

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roth DE, Jones AB, Prosser C, Robinson JL, Vohra S (2008) Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and the risk of acute lower respiratory tract infection in early childhood. J Infect Dis 197(5):676–680

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brehm JM, Schuemann B, Fuhlbrigge AL, Hollis BW, Strunk RC, Zeiger RS et al (2010) Serum vitamin D levels and severe asthma exacerbations in the Childhood Asthma Management Program study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126(1):58.e5

Article  Google Scholar 

Menon B, Nima G, Dogra V, Mittal A, Kaur C, Mittal U (2014) Evaluation of vitamin D in bronchial asthma and the effect of vitamin D supplementation on asthma severity and control: a randomised control trial. Eur Respir J 44(58)

Camargo CA, Ingham T, Wickens K, Thadhani R, Silvers KM, Epton MJ et al (2011) Cord-blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of respiratory infection, Wheezing, and Asthma. Pediatrics 127(1):e180–e187

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Belderbos ME, Houben ML, Wilbrink B, Lentjes E, Bloemen EM, Kimpen JLL et al (2011) Cord blood vitamin D deficiency is associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 127(6):e1513–e1520

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petrarca L, Jacinto T, Nenna R (2017) The treatment of acute bronchiolitis: past, present and future. Breathe 13(1):e24–e26

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang EEL, Milner RA, Navas L, Maj H (1992) Observer agreement for respiratory signs and oximetry in infants hospitalized with lower respiratory infections. Am Rev Respir Dis 145(1):106–109

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khadilkar A, Khadilkar V, Chinnappa J, Rathi N, Khadgawat R, Balasubramanian S et al (2017) Prevention and treatment of vitamin D and calcium deficiency in children and adolescents: Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) Guidelines. Indian Pediatr 54(7):567–573

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moreno-Solís G, Fernández-Gutiérrez F, Torres - Borrego J, Torcello-Gáspar R, Gómez-Chaparro Moreno JL, Pérez - Navero JL (2015) Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and bronchiolitis severity in Spanish infants. Eur J Pediatr 174(3):365–72

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta P, Dabas A, Seth A, Bhatia VL, Khadgawat R, Kumar P et al (2022) Indian Academy of Pediatrics Revised (2021) guidelines on prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. Indian Pediatr 59(2):142–158

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Golan-Tripto I, Loewenthal N, Tal A, Dizitzer Y, Baumfeld Y, Goldbart A (2021) Vitamin D deficiency in children with acute bronchiolitis: a prospective cross-sectional case-control study. BMC Pediatr 21(1):211

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vo P, Koppel C, Espinola JA, Mansbach JM, Celedón JC, Hasegawa K et al (2018) Vitamin D status at the time of hospitalization for bronchiolitis and its association with disease severity. J Pediatr 203:416-422.e1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagayama Y, Tsubaki T, Nakayama S, Sawada K, Taguchi K, Tateno N et al (2006) Gender analysis in acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 17(1):29–36

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parrott RH, Kim HW, Arrobio JO, Hodes DS, Murphy BR, Brandt CD et al (1973) Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Washington, D.C. II. Infection and disease with respect to age, immunologic status, race and sex. Am J Epidemiol 98(4):289–300

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erol M, Kaya H, Gayret ÖB, Yiğit Ö, Hamilçıkan Ş, Can E (2017) The effect of vitamin D deficiency on the severity of bronchiolitis in infants. J Pediatr Res 4(1):12

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang EEL, Law BJ, Stephens D (1995) Pediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada (PICNIC) prospective study of risk factors and outcomes in patients hospitalized with respiratory syncytial viral lower respiratory tract infection. J Pediatr 126(2):212–219

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shaw KN, Bell LM, Sherman NH (1991) Outpatient assessment of infants with bronchiolitis. Am J Dis Child 145(2):151–155

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meissner HC (2003) Selected populations at increased risk from respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22(2):S40-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hall CB, Powell KR, MacDonald NE, Gala CL, Menegus ME, Suffin SC et al (1986) Respiratory syncytial viral infection in children with compromised immune function. N Engl J Med 315(2):77–81

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manti S, Staiano A, Orfeo L, Midulla F, Marseglia GL, Ghizzi C et al (2023) Update - 2022 Italian guidelines on the management of bronchiolitis in infants. Ital J Pediatr 49(1):19

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kulhalli P, Dakshayini J, Ratageri VH, Shivanand I, Wari PK (2020) Risk factors for bronchiolitis. J Pediatr Crit Care 7(2):79

Article  Google Scholar 

Wright AL, Taussig LM, Ray CG, Harrison HR, Holberg CJ (1989) The Tucson Childrenʼs Respiratory Study. II. Lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life. Am J Epidemiol 129(6):1232–46

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dornelles CTL, Piva JP, Marostica PJC (2007) Nutritional status, breastfeeding, and evolution of Infants with acute viral bronchiolitis. J Health Popul Nutr 25(3):336–343

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dawson KP, Long A, Kennedy J, Mogridge N (1990) The chest radiograph in acute bronchiolitis. J Paediatr Child Health 26(4):209–211

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Örtqvist Å, Hedlund J, Burman LÅ, Elbel E, Höfer MA, Leinonen M et al (1998) Randomised controlled trial of clinical outcome after chest radiograph in ambulatory acute lower-respiratory infection in children. Lancet (London, England) 351(9100):404–408

Article  Google Scholar 

Beigelman A, Castro M, Schweiger TL, Wilson BS, Zheng J, Yin-DeClue H et al (2015) Vitamin D levels are unrelated to the severity of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis among hospitalized infants. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 4(3):182

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roth DE, Jones AB, Prosser C, Robinson JL, Vohra S (2009) Vitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Eur J Clin Nutr 63(2):297–299

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rausch-Fan X, Leutmezer F, Willheim M, Spittler A, Bohle B, Ebner C et al (2002) Regulation of cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and allergen-specific th cell clones by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 128(1):33–41

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bont L, Heijnen CJ, Kavelaars A, Van Aalderen WMC, Brus F, Draaisma JMT et al (2001) Local interferon-gamma levels during respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection are associated with disease severity. J Infect Dis 184(3):355–358

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar