Yang T, Wu L, Wang H, Fang J, Yao N, Xu Y (2015) Inflammation level after decompression surgery for a rat model of chronic severe spinal cord Compression and effects on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 55(7):578–586

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cramer DE, Maher PC, Pettigrew DB, Kuntz Ct (2009) Major neurologic deficit immediately after adult spinal surgery: incidence and etiology over 10 years at a single training institution. J Spinal Disord Tech 22(8):565–570

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shan LQ, Ma S, Qiu XC, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zheng LH et al (2010) Hydroxysafflor Yellow A protects spinal cords from ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits. BMC Neurosci 11:98

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Modi HN, Suh SW, Hong JY, Yang JH (2011) The effects of spinal cord injury induced by shortening on motor evoked potentials and spinal cord blood flow: an experimental study in Swine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 93(19):1781–1789

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chin KR, Seale J, Cumming V (2013) White cord syndrome of acute tetraplegia after anterior cervical decompression and fusion for chronic spinal cord compression: a case report. Case Rep Orthop 2013:697918

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vinodh VP, Rajapathy SK, Sellamuthu P, Kandasamy R (2018) White cord syndrome: a devastating complication of spinal decompression. Surg Neurol Int 9:136

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vidal PM, Karadimas SK, Ulndreaj A, Laliberte AM, Tetreault L, Forner S et al (2017) Delayed decompression exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion injury in cervical compressive myelopathy. JCI Insight. 2(11)

Hu S, Dong HL, Li YZ, Luo ZJ, Sun L, Yang QZ et al (2010) Effects of remote ischemic preconditioning on biochemical markers and neurologic outcomes in patients undergoing elective cervical decompression surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 22(1):46–52

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Young WF, Baron E (2001) Acute neurologic deterioration after surgical treatment for thoracic spinal stenosis. J Clin Neurosci 8(2):129–132

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang RJ, Shen CL, Zhang JX, Zhang XJ, Dong FL, Tao H et al (2018) Clinical features and surgical outcomes of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in patients of different ages: a retrospective study. Spinal Cord 56(1):7–13

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liao X, Jin Z, Shi L, Zhao Y, Zhou S, Chen D et al (2020) Prevalence of ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy: cervical spine 3D CT observations in 7210 cases. Spine. 45(19)

Liao YX, He SS, He ZM (2020) White cord syndrome’, a rare but disastrous complication of transient paralysis after posterior cervical decompression for severe cervical spondylotic myelopathy and spinal stenosis: a case report. Exp Ther Med 20(5):90

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mendoza Vasquez LE, Chui J (2023) A rare case of transient Hemiplegia in a patient with history of spinal cord reperfusion syndrome after Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 35(4):438–439

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carter LM, Pelargos PE, Gernsback JE (2021) White cord syndrome after thoracic cord decompression in a pediatric. Pediatr Neurosurg 56(5):477–481

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malinovic M, Walker J, Lee F (2021) Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury after posterior cervical laminectomy. Cureus 13(9):e18298

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mathkour M, Werner C, Riffle J, Scullen T, Dallapiazza RF, Dumont A et al (2020) Reperfusion White Cord Syndrome in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: does Mean arterial pressure goal make a difference? Additional case and literature review. WORLD Neurosurg 137:194–199

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papaioannou I, Repantis T, Baikousis A, Korovessis P (2019) Late-onset white cord syndrome in an elderly patient after posterior cervical decompression and fusion: a case report. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 5(1)

Kurokawa R, Murata H, Ogino M, Ueki K, Kim P (2011) Altered blood Flow distribution in the rat spinal cord under Chronic Compression. Spine. 36(13)

Karadimas SK, Moon ES, Yu W-R, Satkunendrarajah K, Kallitsis JK, Gatzounis G et al (2013) A novel experimental model of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) to facilitate translational research. Neurobiol Dis 54:43–58

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vidal PM, Karadimas S, Ulndreaj A, Laliberte AM, Tetreault LA, Wang J et al (2016) Delayed surgical decompression for degenerative cervical myelopathy correlates with reperfusion and excessive activation of the immune system. Spine 2016:190–191

Google Scholar 

Chan PH (2004) Mitochondria and neuronal death/survival signaling pathways in cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Res 29(11):1943–1949

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scheijen EEM, Hendrix S, Wilson DM 3 (2022) rd. Oxidative DNA damage in the pathophysiology of spinal cord Injury: seems obvious, but where is the evidence? Antioxidants. (Basel). 11(9)

Dumont RJ, Okonkwo DO, Verma S, Hurlbert RJ, Boulos PT, Ellegala DB et al (2001) Acute spinal cord Injury, Part I: pathophysiologic mechanisms. Clin Neuropharmacol. 24(5)

Wiginton IVJG, Brazdzionis J, Mohrdar C, Sweiss R, Lawandy S (2019) Spinal cord reperfusion injury: case report, review of the literature, and future treatment strategies. Cureus. 11(7)

Antwi P, Grant R, Kuzmik G, Abbed K (2018) White Cord Syndrome of Acute Hemiparesis after posterior cervical decompression and Fusion for chronic cervical stenosis. World Neurosurg 113:33–36

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yen Hsin L, Samynathan CVV, Yilun H (2023) White cord syndrome: a treatment dilemma. Cureus 15(4):e38177

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hasegawa K, Homma T, Chiba Y (2007) Upper Extremity Palsy following cervical decompression surgery results from a transient spinal cord lesion. Spine. 32(6)

Gokce EC, Kahveci R, Gokce A, Sargon MF, Kisa U, Aksoy N et al (2016) Curcumin attenuates inflammation, oxidative stress, and ultrastructural damage Induced by spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion Injury in rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 25(5):1196–1207

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cakir O, Erdem K, Oruc A, Kılınc N, Eren N (2003) Neuroprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine and hypothermia on the spinal cord ischemia–reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Surg 11(5):375–379

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ding Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Shang J, Xie Z, Chen C (2021) Effects of Lipoic Acid on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2021

Shaafi S, Afrooz MR, Hajipour B, Dadadshi A, Hosseinian MM, Khodadadi A (2011) Anti-oxidative effect of lipoic acid in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion. Med Principles Pract 20(1):19–22

Article  Google Scholar 

Pour MM, Farjah GH, Karimipour M, Pourheidar B, Ansari MHK (2019) Protective effect of lutein on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci 22(4):412–417

Google Scholar 

Smith PD, Puskas F, Fullerton DA, Meng X, Cho D, Cleveland JC Jr et al (2011) Attenuation of spinal cord ischemia and reperfusion injury by erythropoietin. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 141(1):256–260

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagoshi N, Nakashima H, Fehlings MG (2015) Riluzole as a neuroprotective drug for spinal cord injury: from bench to bedside. Molecules 20(5):7775–7789

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aghazadeh J, Samadi Motlagh P, Salehpour F, Meshkini A, Fatehi M, Mirzaei F et al (2017) Effects of Atorvastatin in patients with Acute spinal cord Injury. Asian Spine J 11(6):903–907

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kale A, Börcek AÖ, Emmez H, Yildirim Z, Durdaǧ E, Lortlar N et al (2011) Erratum: neuroprotective effects of gabapentin on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits. Laboratory investigation (Journal of Neurosurgery: spine (2011) DOI: 10.3171/2011.4.SPINE10583). J Neurosurgery: Spine 15(3):344

Google Scholar 

Dong HL, Zhang Y, Su BX, Zhu ZH, Gu QH, Sang HF et al (2010) Limb remote ischemic preconditioning protects the spinal cord from ischemia-reperfusion injury: a newly identified nonneuronal but reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway. Anesthesiology 112(4):881–891

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hall ED (1993) Neuroprotective actions of glucocorticoid and nonglucocorticoid steroids in acute neuronal injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 13(4):415–432

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evaniew N, Noonan VK, Fallah N, Kwon BK, Rivers CS, Ahn H et al (2015) Methylprednisolone for the treatment of patients with Acute spinal cord injuries: a propensity score-matched cohort study from a Canadian multi-center spinal cord Injury Registry. J Neurotrauma 32(21):1674–1683

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eryilmaz F, Farooque U (2021) The efficacy of combined medication with methylprednisolone and erythropoietin in the treatment of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury to the spinal cord in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Cureus 13(3):e14018

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Holford TR, Leo-Summers L, Aldrich EF, Fazl M et al (1997) Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Results of the Third National Acute spinal cord Injury Randomized Controlled Trial. National Acute spinal cord Injury Study. JAMA 277(20):1597–1604

Article  CAS  PubMed