Liyanage T, Ninomiya T, Jha V, Neal B, Patrice HM, Okpechi I et al (2015) Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review. Lancet Lond Engl 385:1975–1982
Wang L, Xu X, Zhang M, Hu C, Zhang X, Li C et al (2023) Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China: results from the sixth China chronic disease and risk factor surveillance. JAMA Intern Med 183:298–310
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Goodman WG, Quarles LD (2008) Development and progression of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease: lessons from molecular genetics. Kidney Int 74:276–288. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0085253815532997
Ronco C, Cozzolino M (2012) Mineral metabolism abnormalities and vitamin D receptor activation in cardiorenal syndromes. Heart Fail Rev 17:211–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-011-9232-8
Stevens PE (2013) Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice Guideline. Ann Intern Med 158:825. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00007
National Kidney Foundation (2003) K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 42:1–201
Jean G, Charra B, Chazot C (2008) Vitamin D deficiency and associated factors in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 18:395–399. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1051227608002872
Li M, Li Y (2020) Prevalence and influencing factors of vitamin D deficiency in chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 58:595–600
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nigwekar SU, Bhan I, Thadhani R (2012) Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 60:139–156. https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(12)00636-1/fulltext
Lindh JD, Björkhem-Bergman L, Eliasson E (2012) Vitamin D and drug-metabolising enzymes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 11:1797–1801. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2pp25194a
Bikle DD (2012) Vitamin D and the skin: physiology and pathophysiology. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 13:3–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-011-9194-0
Pignolo A, Mastrilli S, Davì C, Arnao V, Aridon P, Dos Santos Mendes FA et al (2022) Vitamin D and Parkinson’s disease. Nutrients 14:1220. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/6/1220
Bikle DD, Patzek S, Wang Y (2018) Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of extra renal CYP27b1: case report and review. Bone Rep 8:255–267. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352187218300093
Dusso AS, Brown AJ, Slatopolsky E (2005) Vitamin D. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol 289:F8–F28. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00336.2004
Kaur G, Singh J, Kumar J (2019) Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 34:2509–2522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4088-y
Zhu JG, Ochalek JT, Kaufmann M, Jones G, DeLuca HF (2013) CYP2R1 is a major, but not exclusive, contributor to 25-hydroxyvitamin D production in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:15650–15655. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315006110
Zhu J, DeLuca HF (2012) Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase—four decades of searching, are we there yet? Arch Biochem Biophys 523:30–36. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003986112000288
Delrue C, Speeckaert MM (2023) Vitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein in health and disease. Int J Mol Sci 24:4642. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/5/4642
Khammissa RAG, Fourie J, Motswaledi MH, Ballyram R, Lemmer J, Feller L (2018) The biological activities of vitamin D and its receptor in relation to calcium and bone homeostasis, cancer, immune and cardiovascular systems, skin biology, and oral health. BioMed Res Int 2018:1–9. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2018/9276380/
Delanghe JR, Speeckaert R, Speeckaert MM (2015) Behind the scenes of vitamin D binding protein: more than vitamin D binding. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 29:773–786. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1521690X15000676
(2005) K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45:16–153. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272638605000922
Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK et al (2011) The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the institute of medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:53–58. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2704
Berger MM, Shenkin A, Schweinlin A, Amrein K, Augsburger M, Biesalski H-K et al (2022) ESPEN micronutrient guideline. Clin Nutr 41:1357–1424. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261561422000668
González EA, Sachdeva A, Oliver DA, Martin KJ (2004) Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 24:503–510. https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/81023
Hsu H-J, Wu I-W, Hsu K-H, Sun C-Y, Chen C-Y, Lee C-C (2020) Vitamin D deficiency, cardiothoracic ratio, and long-term mortality in hemodialysis patients. Sci Rep 10:7533. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-64359-9
Bhan I, Burnett-Bowie S-AM, Ye J, Tonelli M, Thadhani R (2010) Clinical measures identify vitamin D deficiency in dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:460–467. https://journals.lww.com/01277230-201003000-00012
Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Curb JD, Masaki K, White LR, Launer LJ (2002) Early inflammation and dementia: a 25-year follow-up of the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Ann Neurol 52:168–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10265
Taniguchi M, Tokumoto M, Matsuo D, Tsuruya K, Hirakata H, Iida M (2006) Parathyroid growth and regression in experimental uremia. Kidney Int 69:464–470. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0085253815515044
Cozzolino M, Ciceri P, Volpi EM, Olivi L, Messa PG (2009) Pathophysiology of calcium and phosphate metabolism impairment in chronic kidney disease. Blood Purif 27:338–344. https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/209246
Zisman AL, Hristova M, Ho LT, Sprague SM (2007) Impact of ergocalciferol treatment of vitamin D deficiency on serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 27:36–43. https://doi.org/10.1159/000098561
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Brandenburg V, Ketteler M (2022) Vitamin D and secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease: a critical appraisal of the past, present, and the future. Nutrients 14:3009. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/15/3009
Brown AJ (2001) Therapeutic uses of vitamin D analogues. Am J Kidney Dis 38:S3–S19. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272638601787185
Pinette K, Yee Y, Amegadzie B, Nagpal S (2003) Vitamin D receptor as a drug discovery target. Mini-Rev Med Chem 3:193–204. http://www.eurekaselect.com/openurl/content.php?genre=article&issn=1389-5575&volume=3&issue=3&spage=193
Takahashi T, Morikawa K (2006) Vitamin D receptor agonists: opportunities and challenges in drug discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 6:1303–1316. http://www.eurekaselect.com/openurl/content.php?genre=article&issn=1568-0266&volume=6&issue=12&spage=1303
Eduardo-Canosa S, Fraga R, Sigüeiro R, Marco M, Rochel N, Moras D et al (2010) Design and synthesis of active vitamin D analogs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 121:7–12. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960076010001275
Boullata JI (2010) Vitamin D supplementation: a pharmacologic perspective: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 13:677–684. http://journals.lww.com/00075197-201011000-00013
Kittaka A, Saito N, Honzawa S, Takenouchi K, Ishizuka S, Chen TC et al (2007) Creative synthesis of novel vitamin D analogs for health and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103:269–276. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960076006003785
Starek M, Mierzwa J, Gumułka P, Dąbrowska M (2022) Vitamin D—current stage of knowledge about analysis and supplementation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 62:4607–4621. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1877110
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Armas LAG, Hollis BW, Heaney RP (2004) Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D 3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5387–5391. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0360
Heaney RP, Recker RR, Grote J, Horst RL, Armas LAG (2011) Vitamin D3 is more potent than vitamin D2 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:E447–E452. https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/96/3/E447/2597204
Bouillon R, Verlinden L, Eelen G, De Clercq P, Vandewalle M, Mathieu C et al (2005) Mechanisms for the selective action of vitamin D analogs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 97:21–30. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960076005002384
Pérez-García X, Rumbo A, Larriba MJ, Ordóñez P, Muñoz A, Mouriño A (2003) The first locked side-chain analogues of calcitriol (1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3) induce vitamin D receptor transcriptional activity. Org Lett 5:4033–4036. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol0351246
Sigüeiro R, Maestro MA, Mouriño A (2018) Synthesis of side-chain locked analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 bearing a C17 methyl group. Org Lett 20:2641–2644. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00849
Gogoi P, Seoane S, Sigüeiro R, Guiberteau T, Maestro MA, Pérez-Fernández R et al (2018) Aromatic-based design of highly active and noncalcemic vitamin D receptor agonists. J Med Chem 61:4928–4937. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00337
Andress DL, Norris KC, Coburn JW, Slatopolsky EA, Sherrard DJ (1989) Intravenous calcitriol in the treatment of refractory osteitis fibrosa of chronic renal failure. N Engl J Med 321:274–279. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198908033210502
Liao E-Y, Zhang Z-L, Xia W-B, Lin H, Cheng Q, Wang L et al (2018) Calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) improvement and calcium-phosphate metabolism of alendronate sodium/vitamin D3 combination in Chinese women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a post hoc efficacy analysis and safety reappraisal. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 19:210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2090-y
Kubodera N (2009) A new look at the most successful prodrugs for active vitamin D (D Hormone): alfacalcidol and doxercalciferol. Molecules 14:3869–3880. http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/14/10/3869
Brown AJ, Slatopolsky E (2008) Vitamin D analogs: therapeutic applications and mechanisms for selectivity. Mol Aspects Med 29:433–452. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0098299708000186
Brown AJ (2007) Vitamin D analogs for secondary hyperparathyroidism: what does the future hold? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103:578–583. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960076006004559
Mazzaferro S, Pasquali M, Conte C, Mandanici G, Muci ML, Lavini R (2009) Vitamin D receptor activators. Int J Artif Organs 32:101–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/039139880903200207
Coyne D, Acharya M, Qiu P, Abboud H, Batlle D, Rosansky S et al (2006) Paricalcitol capsule for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in stages 3 and 4 CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 47:263–276. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272638605015209
Park J, Rhee C, Lau W, Kalantar-Zadeh K (2014) Clinical uses of 1-alpha-hydroxy-ergocalciferol. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 12:306–312. http://www.eurekaselect.com/openurl/content.php?genre=article&issn=1570-1611&volume=12&issue=2&spage=306
Takahashi H, Ibe M, Kinouchi M, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Hashimoto Y, Iizuka H (2003) Similarly potent action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogues, tacalcitol, calcipotriol, and maxacalcitol on normal human keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. J Dermatol Sci 31:21–28. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0923181102001366
Shintani T, Rosli SNZ, Takatsu F, Choon YF, Hayashido Y, Toratani S et al (2016) Eldecalcitol (ED-71), an analog of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as a potential anti-cancer agent for oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 164:79–84. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960076015301023
Kondo S, Takano T, Ono Y, Saito H, Matsumoto T (2015) Eldecalcitol reduces osteoporotic fractures by unique mechanisms. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 148:232–238. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096007601500028X
Harada S et al (2010) Eldecalcitol is less effective in suppressing parathyroid hormone compared to calcitriol in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 121:281–283. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960076010001913
Sprague SM, Strugnell SA, Bishop CW (2017) Extended-release calcifediol for secondary hyperparathyroidism in stage 3–4 chronic kidney disease. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 12:289–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2017.1347501
Sprague SM, Crawford PW, Melnick JZ, Strugnell SA, Ali S, Mangoo-Karim R, Lee S, Petkovich PM, Bishop CW (2016) Use of extended-release calcifediol to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 44:316–325. https://doi.org/10.1159/000450766
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
(2017) KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl 7:1–59. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2157171617300011
Strugnell SA, Sprague SM, Ashfaq A, Petkovich M, Bishop CW (2019) Rationale for raising current clinical practice guideline target for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 49:284–293. https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/499187
Chandra P, Binongo JNG, Ziegler TR, Schlanger LE, Wang W, Someren JT, Tangpricha V (2008) Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) therapy and vitamin D insufficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled pilot study. Endocr Pract 14:10–17. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.14.1.10
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sprague SM, Silva AL, Al-Saghir F, Damle R, Tabash SP, Petkovich M et al (2014) Modified-release calcifediol effectively controls secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with vitamin D insufficiency in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 40:535–545. https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/369939
Bover J, Gunnarsson J, Csomor P, Kaiser E, Cianciolo G, Lauppe R (2021) Impact of nutritional vitamin D supplementation on parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Clin Kidney J 14:2177–2186. https://academic.oup.com/ckj/article/14/10/2177/6129095
Agarwal R, Georgianos PI (2016) Con: nutritional vitamin D replacement in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transp 31:706–713. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfw080
Coyne DW, Goldberg S, Faber M, Ghossein C, Sprague SM (2014) A randomized multicenter trial of paricalcitol versus calcitriol for secondary hyperparathyroidism in stages 3–4 CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1620–1626. https://journals.lww.com/01277230-201409000-00018
Liou HH, Chiang SS, Tsai SC, Chang CC, Wu SC, Shieh SD et al (1994) Effect of intravenous calcitriol on secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic hemodialysis patients. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi Chin Med J Free China Ed 53:319–324
Delmez JA, Kelber J, Norwood KY, Giles KS, Slatopolsky E (2000) A controlled trial of the early treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism with calcitriol in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11076106/
Grekas D, Balaskas E, Kampouris H, Benos A, Konstantinou A, Sioullis A et al (1999) Effective treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients by titration of intravenous calcitriol dosage. Clin Nephrol 52:167–171
Zhang L, Zhao M-H, Zuo L, Wang Y, Yu F, Zhang H et al (2020) China kidney disease network (CK-NET) 2016 annual data report. Kidney Int Suppl 10:e97–e185. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2157171620300228
Shoben AB, Rudser KD, De Boer IH, Young B, Kestenbaum B (2008) Association of oral calcitriol with improved survival in nondialyzed CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 19:1613–1619. https://journals.lww.com/00001751-200808000-00024
Kiattisunthorn K, Wutyam K, Indranoi A, Vasuvattakul S (2011) Randomized trial comparing pulse calcitriol and alfacalcidol for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Carlton Vic 16:277–284
Palmer SC, McGregor DO, Macaskill P, Craig JC, Elder GJ, Strippoli GFM (2007) Meta-analysis: vitamin D compounds in chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 147:840. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-147-12-200712180-00004
Martin KJ, González EA, Gellens M, Hamm LL, Abboud H, Lindberg J (1998) 19-Nor-1-alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (Paricalcitol) safely and effectively reduces the levels of intact parathyroid hormone in patients on hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol JASN 9:1427–1432
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Thadhani R, Appelbaum E, Pritchett Y, Chang Y, Wenger J, Tamez H et al (2012) Vitamin D therapy and cardiac structure and function in patients with chronic kidney disease: the PRIMO randomized controlled trial. JAMA 307:674. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.120
Sprague SM, Llach F, Amdahl M, Taccetta C, Batlle D (2003) Paricalcitol versus calcitriol in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 63:1483–1490. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0085253815490271
Sprague SM, Lerma E, McCormmick D, Abraham M, Battle D (2001) Suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion in hemodialysis patients: compariso
Comments (0)