Gaines LGT. Historical and current usage of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a literature review. Am J Ind Med. 2023;66:353–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Domingo JL, Nadal M. Human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through drinking water: a review of the recent scientific literature. Environ Res. 2019;177:108648.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smalling KL, Romanok KM, Bradley PM, Morriss MC, Gray JL, Kanagy LK, et al. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in United States tapwater: comparison of underserved private-well and public-supply exposures and associated health implications. Environ Int. 2023;178:108033.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

US EPA. Final PFAS national primary drinking water regulation [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Apr 16]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73:17–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyd RI, Ahmad S, Singh R, Fazal Z, Prins GS, Madak Erdogan Z, et al. Toward a mechanistic understanding of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances and cancer. Cancers. 2022;14:2919.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Soto AM, Sonnenschein C. Environmental causes of cancer: endocrine disruptors as carcinogens. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;6:363–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shirke AV, Radke EG, Lin C, Blain R, Vetter N, Lemeris C, et al. Expanded systematic evidence map for hundreds of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and comprehensive PFAS human health dashboard. Environ Health Perspect. 2024;132:026001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zahm S, Bonde JP, Chiu WA, Hoppin J, Kanno J, Abdallah M, et al. Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. Lancet Oncol. 2024;25:16–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seyyedsalehi MS, Boffetta P. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and risk of kidney, liver, and testicular cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. La Medicina del Lavoro [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 May 13];114. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10627102/

Guidance on PFAS exposure, testing, and clinical follow-up [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2022 [cited 2023 Dec 10]. Available from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/26156

Zheng J, Liu S, Yang J, Zheng S, Sun B. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and cancer: detection methodologies, epidemiological insights, potential carcinogenic mechanisms, and future perspectives. Sci Total Environ. 2024;953:176158.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu Y, Jurkovic-Mlakar S, Lindh CH, Scott K, Fletcher T, Jakobsson K, et al. Associations between serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and DNA methylation in women exposed through drinking water: a pilot study in Ronneby, Sweden. Environ Int. 2020;145:106148.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Cancer Institute. Cancer trends progress report [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 21]. Available from: https://progressreport.cancer.gov

Li H, Hammarstrand S, Midberg B, Xu Y, Li Y, Olsson DS, et al. Cancer incidence in a Swedish cohort with high exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in drinking water. Environ Res. 2022;204:112217.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barry V, Winquist A, Steenland K. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposures and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121:1313–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vieira VM, Hoffman K, Shin HM, Weinberg JM, Webster TF, Fletcher T. Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure and cancer outcomes in a contaminated community: a geographic analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121:318–23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alsen M, Leung AM, van Gerwen M. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in community water systems (CWS) and the risk of thyroid cancer: an ecological study. Toxics. 2023;11:786.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

US EPA O. Third unregulated contaminant monitoring rule [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2023 Oct 25]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/third-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule

US EPA. Fifth unregulated contaminant monitoring rule [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2023 Aug 19]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule

NCI. SEER. 2024 [cited 2024 May 13]. SEER incidence data. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/data/index.html

SimpleLab E. HydroShare. 2022 [cited 2024 May 22]. U.S. Community Water Systems Service Boundaries, v3.0.0. Available from: SimpleLab, EPIC (2022). U.S. Community Water Systems Service Boundaries, v3.0.0, HydroShare, http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/9ebc0a0b43b843b9835830ffffdd971e

Areej Arif MFM, Dua Mahmood Ch KN. Water pollution and industries. Pure Appl Biol. 2020;9:2214–24.

Google Scholar 

Borck R, Schrauth P. Population density and urban air quality. Reg Sci Urban Econ. 2021;86:103596.

Article  Google Scholar 

Strosnider H. Rural and urban differences in air quality, 2008–2012, and community drinking water quality, 2010–2015 — United States. MMWR Surveill Summ [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2024 Oct 10];66. Available from: https://www.facebook.com/CDCMMWR

Thakrar SK, Balasubramanian S, Adams PJ, Azevedo IML, Muller NZ, Pandis SN, et al. Reducing mortality from air pollution in the united states by targeting specific emission sources. Environ Sci Technol Lett. 2020;7:639–45.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hammer MS, van Donkelaar A, Li C, Lyapustin A, Sayer AM, Hsu NC, et al. Global estimates and long-term trends of fine particulate matter concentrations (1998–2018). Environ Sci Technol. 2020;54:7879–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Li C, Burnett RT. Regional estimates of chemical composition of fine particulate matter using a combined geoscience-statistical method with information from satellites, models, and monitors. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53:2595–611.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ingram DD, Franco SJ. 2013 NCHS Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Counties. Vital Health Stat 2. 2014;1–73.

CDC. Behavioral risk factor surveillance system [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 May 17]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/index.html

US EPA. PFAS analytic tools [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://echo.epa.gov/trends/pfas-tools

Cserbik D, Casas M, Flores C, Paraian A, Haug LS, Rivas I, et al. Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and blood samples during pregnancy. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2024;34:90–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu XC, Tokranov AK, Liddie J, Zhang X, Grandjean P, Hart JE, et al. Tap water contributions to plasma concentrations of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women. Environ Health Perspect. 2019;127:067006.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chang CJ, Ish JL, Chang VC, Daniel M, Jones RR, White AJ. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2024;193:1182–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mastrantonio M, Bai E, Uccelli R, Cordiano V, Screpanti A, Crosignani P. Drinking water contamination from perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): an ecological mortality study in the Veneto Region, Italy. Eur J Public Health. 2018;28:180–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steenland K, Winquist A. PFAS and cancer, a scoping review of the epidemiologic evidence. Environ Res. 2021;194:110690.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moon J, Mun Y. The association between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and brain, esophageal, melanomatous skin, prostate, and lung cancer using the 2003–2018 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) datasets. Heliyon. 2024;10:e24337.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Costello E, Rock S, Stratakis N, Eckel SP, Walker DI, Valvi D, et al. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and markers of liver injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2022;130:046001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goodrich JA, Walker D, Lin X, Wang H, Lim T, McConnell R, et al. Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a multiethnic cohort. JHEP Rep. 2022;4:100550.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Lukomska E, Baur R, Anderson SE. Systemic toxicity induced by topical application of heptafluorobutyric acid (PFBA) in a murine model. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021;156:112528.

Article  CAS