Leray, E., Moreau, T., Fromont, A., & Edan, G. (2016). Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. Revue Neurologique (Paris), 172, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2015.10.006

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zarghami, A., Li, Y., Claflin, S. B., van der Mei, I., & Taylor, B. V. (2021). Role of environmental factors in multiple sclerosis. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 21, 1389–1408. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2021.1978843

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simpson, S., Blizzard, L., Otahal, P., Van Der Mei, I., & Taylor, B. (2011). Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 82, 1132–1141. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2011.240432

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simpson, S., Wang, W., Otahal, P., Blizzard, L., Van Der Mei, I. A. F., & Taylor, B. V. (2019). Latitude continues to be significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: An updated meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 90, 1193–1200. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-320189

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sabel, C. E., Pearson, J. F., Mason, D. F., Willoughby, E., Abernethy, D. A., & Taylor, B. V. (2021). The latitude gradient for multiple sclerosis prevalence is established in the early life course. Brain, 144, 2038–2046. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab104

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hedström, A. K., Åkerstedt, T., Olsson, T., & Alfredsson, L. (2015). Shift work influences multiple sclerosis risk. Multiple Sclerosis, 21, 1195–1199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458514563592

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stenger, S., Grasshoff, H., Hundt, J. E., & Lange, T. (2022). Potential effects of shift work on skin autoimmune diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 1000951. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1000951

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghareghani, M., Reiter, R. J., Zibara, K., & Farhadi, N. (2018). Latitude, vitamin D, melatonin, and gut microbiota act in concert to initiate multiple sclerosis: A new mechanistic pathway. Frontiers in Immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02484

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Simpson, S., Jr., van der Mei, I., & Taylor, B. (2018). The role of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis: Biology and biochemistry, epidemiology and potential roles in treatment. Medicinal Chemistry (Los Angeles), 14, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573406413666170921143600

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sintzel, M. B., Rametta, M., & Reder, A. T. (2018). Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive review. Neurology and Therapy, 7, 59–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-017-0086-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miclea, A., Bagnoud, M., Chan, A., & Hoepner, R. (2020). A brief review of the effects of vitamin D on multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00781

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Langer-Gould, A., Lucas, R., Xiang, A. H., Chen, L. H., Wu, J., Gonzalez, E., Haraszti, S., Smith, J. B., Quach, H., Barcellos, L. F., MS Sunshine Study. (2018). Sun exposure but not vitamin D is associated with multiple sclerosis risk in blacks and Hispanics. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030268

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lam, T., VoPham, T., Munger, K. L., Laden, F., & Hart, J. E. (2020). Long-term effects of latitude, ambient temperature, and ultraviolet radiation on the incidence of multiple sclerosis in two cohorts of US women. Environmental Epidemiology, 4, e0105. https://doi.org/10.1097/EE9.0000000000000105

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hedström, A. K., Olsson, T., Kockum, I., Hillert, J., & Alfredsson, L. (2020). Low sun exposure increases multiple sclerosis risk both directly and indirectly. Journal of Neurology, 267, 1045–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09677-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ostkamp, P., Salmen, A., Pignolet, B., Görlich, D., Andlauer, T. F. M., Schulte-Mecklenbeck, A., Gonzalez-Escamilla, G., Bucciarelli, F., Gennero, I., Breuer, J., Antony, G., Schneider-Hohendorf, T., Mykicki, N., Bayas, A., Then Bergh, F., Bittner, S., Hartung, H.-P., Friese, M. A., Linker, R. A., … Schwab, N. (2021). German competence network multiple sclerosis (KKNMS) and the BIONAT network, sunlight exposure exerts immunomodulatory effects to reduce multiple sclerosis severity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 7, 4. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018457118

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Smolders, J., Torkildsen, Ø., Camu, W., & Holmøy, T. (2019). An update on vitamin D and disease activity in multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs, 33, 1187–1199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-019-00674-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Langelaar, J., Rijvers, L., Smolders, J., & van Luijn, M. M. (2020). B and T cells driving multiple sclerosis: Identity, mechanisms and potential triggers. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00760

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tao, J.-H., Cheng, M., Tang, J.-P., Liu, Q., Pan, F., & Li, X.-P. (2017). Foxp3, regulatory T cell, and autoimmune diseases. Inflammation, 40, 328–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-016-0470-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goswami, T. K., Singh, M., Dhawan, M., Mitra, S., Bin-Emran, T., Rabaan, A. A., Al Mutair, A., Al Alawi, Z., Alhumaid, S., & Dhama, K. (2022). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their therapeutic potential against autoimmune disorders: Advances and challenges. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18, 2035117. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2035117

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mexhitaj, I., Nyirenda, M. H., Li, R., O’Mahony, J., Rezk, A., Rozenberg, A., Moore, C. S., Johnson, T., Sadovnick, D., Collins, D. L., Arnold, D. L., Gran, B., Yeh, E. A., Marrie, R. A., Banwell, B., & Bar-Or, A. (2019). Abnormal effector and regulatory T cell subsets in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Brain, 142, 617–632. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz017

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verma, N. D., Lam, A. D., Chiu, C., Tran, G. T., Hall, B. M., & Hodgkinson, S. J. (2021). Multiple sclerosis patients have reduced resting and increased activated CD4+CD25+FOXP3+T regulatory cells. Scientific Reports, 11, 10476. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88448-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Salpietro, V., Polizzi, A., Recca, G., & Ruggieri, M. (2018). The role of puberty and adolescence in the pathobiology of pediatric multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Disorders, 3, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40893-017-0032-4

Article  Google Scholar 

Arruvito, L., Sanz, M., Banham, A. H., & Fainboim, L. (2007). Expansion of CD4+CD25+and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: Implications for human reproduction. The Journal of Immunology, 178, 2572–2578. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2572

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robinson, G. A., Peng, J., Peckham, H., Butler, G., Pineda-Torra, I., Ciurtin, C., & Jury, E. C. (2022). Investigating sex differences in T regulatory cells from cisgender and transgender healthy individuals and patients with autoimmune inflammatory disease: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet Rheumatology, 4, e710–e724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(22)00198-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hince, M., Sakkal, S., Vlahos, K., Dudakov, J., Boyd, R., & Chidgey, A. (2008). The role of sex steroids and gonadectomy in the control of thymic involution. Cellular Immunology, 252, 122–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.10.007

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Downton, P., Early, J. O., & Gibbs, J. E. (2020). Circadian rhythms in adaptive immunity. Immunology, 161, 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13167

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dimitrov, S., Benedict, C., Heutling, D., Westermann, J., Born, J., & Lange, T. (2009). Cortisol and epinephrine control opposing circadian rhythms in T cell subsets. Blood, 113, 5134–5143. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-11-190769

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cain, D. W., & C