Health agencies, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), recommend different temperature thresholds for electric fan use during heat events. However, these guidelines do not account for the physiological effects of electric fan use on immune and inflammatory responses in males and females. This study evaluated the efficacy of electric fan use in mitigating immune function, inflammation, and organ function during an eight-hour simulated extreme heat event replicating conditions in Hangzhou, China, on the August 3, 2024 (semi-hourly temperature and relative humidity [RH] fluctuations; average temperature: 39.9C & RH: 47.1%). Twenty young adults (10 males and 10 females) underwent three eight-hour trials: (1) no electric fan with limited fluid intake (500mL, Con), (2) electric fan use with limited fluid intake (500mL, Fan) and (3) electric fan use with sufficient fluid intake (3L, Fan+Fluid). Core temperature, cardiovascular responses, plasma electrolytes, stress hormones, inflammatory markers, and organ function biomarkers were assessed. Results showed that Fan+Fluid significantly reduced core temperature, stress hormone levels, inflammatory responses, and organ function biomarkers in both sexes (all p < 0.05). However, females exhibited consistently higher stress hormone levels, inflammatory responses, and organ function markers than males across all trials (all p < 0.05). These findings highlight the benefits of electric fan use in prolonged extreme heat and suggest that females may require more intense cooling interventions due to heightened inflammatory and organ stress responses.

The authors have declared no competing interest.

This study was funded by a NSFC Excellent Young Scientists grant

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The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:

IRB of Xian University of Science and Technology gave the ethical approval for this work

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All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors