Alakunle E, et al. Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses. 2020;12(11):1257.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bunge EM, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16(2):e0010141.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ladnyj I, Ziegler P, Kima E. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ. 1972;46(5):593.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Alakunle EF, Okeke MI. Monkeypox virus: a neglected zoonotic pathogen spreads globally. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022;20(9):507–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grothe JH, Cornely OA, Salmanton-García J. Monkeypox diagnostic and treatment capacity at epidemic onset: A VACCELERATE online survey. J Infect Public Health. 2022;15(10):1043–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. 2022–24 Mpox (Monkeypox) Outbreak: Global Trends. WHO; 2024. Available from: https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global/#3_Global_situation_update. Accessed 28 Aug 2024.

World Health Organization. WHO Director-General declares mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. 2024; Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/14-08-2024-who-director-general-declares-mpox-outbreak-a-public-health-emergency-of-international-concern. Accessed 6 Sept 2024.

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Communicable disease threats report – Week 45, 2024. ECDC; 2024. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/communicable-disease-threats-report-week-34-2024.pdf. Accessed 4 Oct 2024.

Mohanto S, et al. Addressing the resurgence of global monkeypox (Mpox) through advanced drug delivery platforms. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2023;56:102636.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li H, et al. The evolving epidemiology of monkeypox virus. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2022;68:1–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kmiec D, Kirchhoff F. Monkeypox: A New Threat? Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(14):7866.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shchelkunov S, et al. Analysis of the monkeypox virus genome. Virology. 2002;297(2):172–94.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Garon CF, Barbosa E, Moss B. Visualization of an inverted terminal repetition in vaccinia virus DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1978;75(10):4863–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li H, et al. The land-scape of immune response to monkeypox virus. EBioMedicine. 2023;87:104424.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Likos AM, et al. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J Gen Virol. 2005;86(10):2661–72.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen N, et al. Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology. 2005;340(1):46–63.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weaver JR, Isaacs SN. Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins. Immunol Rev. 2008;225(1):96–113.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Marty AM, Beÿ CK, Koenig KL. 2024 Mpox outbreak: A rapidly evolving public health emergency of international concern: Introduction of an Updated Mpox Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool. One Health. 2024;19:100927.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haller SL, et al. Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence. Infect Genet Evol. 2014;21:15–40.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lefkowitz E, Wang C, Upton C. Poxviruses: past, present and future. Virus Res. 2006;117(1):105–18.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Heymann DL, Szczeniowski M, Esteves K. Re-emergence of monkeypox in Africa: a review of the past six years. Br Med Bull. 1998;54(3):693–702.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mandja B-AM, et al. Temporal and spatial dynamics of monkeypox in Democratic Republic of Congo, 2000–2015. EcoHealth. 2019;16:476–87.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rimoin AW, et al. Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2010;107(37):16262–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fuller T, et al. Using remote sensing to map the risk of human monkeypox virus in the Congo Basin. EcoHealth. 2011;8:14–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ježek Z, et al. Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J Infect Dis. 1987;156(2):293–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yinka-Ogunleye A, et al. Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017–18: a clinical and epidemiological report. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(8):872–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nguyen P-Y, et al. Reemergence of human monkeypox and declining population immunity in the context of urbanization, Nigeria, 2017–2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(4):1007.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patel A, Bilinska J, Tam JCH, et al. Clinical features and novel presentations of human monkeypox in a central London centre during the 2022 outbreak: descriptive case series. BMJ. 2022;378:e072410. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-072410.

Tarín-Vicente EJ, et al. Clinical presentation and virological assessment of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in Spain: a prospective observational cohort study. The Lancet. 2022;400(10353):661–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Americo JL, Earl PL, Moss B. Virulence differences of mpox (monkeypox) virus clades I, IIa, and IIb.1 in a small animal model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(8):e2220415120.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vakaniaki EH, Kacita C, Kinganda-Lusamaki E, et al. Sustained human outbreak of a new MPXV clade I lineage in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nat Med. 2024;30:2791–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03130-3.

Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. Mpox in the United States and around the world: Current situation. 2024; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/situation-summary/index.html. Accessed 14 Sept 2024.

National Institutes of Health. The antiviral tecovirimat is safe but did not improve clade I mpox resolution in Democratic Republic of the Congo. NIH; 2024. Available from: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/antiviral-tecovirimat-safe-did-not-improve-clade-i-mpox-resolution-democratic-republic-congo. Accessed 17 Oct 2024.

Firth C, et al. Using time-structured data to estimate evolutionary rates of double-stranded DNA viruses. Mol Biol Evol. 2010;27(9):2038–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hendrickson RC, et al. Orthopoxvirus genome evolution: the role of gene loss. Viruses. 2010;2(9):1933.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Okwor T, Mbala PK, Evans DH, Kindrachuk J. A contemporary review of clade-specific virological differences in monkeypox viruses. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023;29(12):1502–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2023.07.011.

Wang L, et al. Genomic annotation and molecular evolution of monkeypox virus outbreak in 2022. J Med Virol. 2023;95(1):e28036.

Article  PubMed  CAS