Dwilow R, Fanella S. Invasive meningococcal disease in the 21st century—an update for the clinician. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015;15:2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thompson MJ, Ninis N, Perera R, et al. Clinical recognition of meningococcal disease in children and adolescents. Lancet. 2006;367:397–403.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang B, Santoreneos R, Giles L, Haji Ali Afzali H, Marshall H. Case fatality rates of invasive meningococcal disease by serogroup and age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2019;37:2768–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olbrich KJ, Muller D, Schumacher S, et al. Systematic review of invasive meningococcal disease: sequelae and quality of life impact on patients and their caregivers. Infect Dis Ther. 2018;7:421–38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Acevedo R, Bai X, Borrow R, et al. The Global Meningococcal Initiative meeting on prevention of meningococcal disease worldwide: epidemiology, surveillance, hypervirulent strains, antibiotic resistance and high-risk populations. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18:15–30.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Soumahoro L, Abitbol V, Vicic N, Bekkat-Berkani R, Safadi MAP. Meningococcal disease outbreaks: a moving target and a case for routine preventative vaccination. Infect Dis Ther. 2021;10:1949–88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harrison LH, Jolley KA, Shutt KA, et al. Antigenic shift and increased incidence of meningococcal disease. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:1266–74.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Swartley JS, Marfin AA, Edupuganti S, et al. Capsule switching of Neisseria meningitidis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:271–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tzeng YL, Stephens DS. A narrative review of the W, X, Y, E, and NG of meningococcal disease: emerging capsular groups, pathotypes, and global control. Microorganisms. 2021;9:519.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Miller E, Salisbury D, Ramsay M. Planning, registration, and implementation of an immunisation campaign against meningococcal serogroup C disease in the UK: a success story. Vaccine. 2001;20:S58–67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Knol MJ, Hahne SJM, Lucidarme J, et al. Temporal associations between national outbreaks of meningococcal serogroup W and C disease in the Netherlands and England: an observational cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2:e473–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Defeating meningitis by 2030: a global road map. Jun 24, 2021. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240026407. Accessed 21 Dec 2022.

Parikh SR, Campbell H, Bettinger JA, et al. The everchanging epidemiology of meningococcal disease worldwide and the potential for prevention through vaccination. J Infect. 2020;81:483–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burman C, Serra L, Nuttens C, et al. Meningococcal disease in adolescents and young adults: a review of the rationale for prevention through vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15:459–69.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martinon-Torres F, Taha MK, Knuf M, et al. Evolving strategies for meningococcal vaccination in Europe: overview and key determinants for current and future considerations. Pathog Glob Health. 2022;116:85–98.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brueggemann AB, Jansen van Rensburg MJ, Shaw D, et al. Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data. Lancet Digit Health. 2021;3:e360–70.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cohen R, Ashman M, Taha MK, et al. Pediatric Infectious Disease Group (GPIP) position paper on the immune debt of the COVID-19 pandemic in childhood, how can we fill the immunity gap? Infect Dis Now. 2021;51:418–23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

UNICEF. COVID-19 pandemic leads to major backsliding on childhood vaccinations, new WHO, UNICEF data shows. July 15, 2021. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/covid-19-pandemic-leads-major-backsliding-childhood-vaccinations-new-who-unicef-data. Accessed 21 Dec 2022.

Alderson MR, Arkwright PD, Bai X, et al. Surveillance and control of meningococcal disease in the COVID-19 era: a Global Meningococcal Initiative review. J Infect. 2022;84:289–96.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Clark SA, Campbell H, Mensah AA, et al. An increase in group B invasive meningococcal disease among adolescents and young adults in England following easing of COVID-19 containment measures. SSRN Electron J. 2022. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3998164. (Preprint posted online January 8, 2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Santé publique France. [Epidemiological situation of invasive meningococcal infections in France. Update as of December 31, 2022]. Available at: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/maladies-et-traumatismes/maladies-a-prevention-vaccinale/infections-invasives-a-meningocoque/documents/bulletin-national2/situation-epidemiologique-des-infections-invasives-a-meningocoque-en-france.-point-au-31-decembre-2022#:~:text=Avec%2084%20cas%20d'IIM,et%20mars%20selon%20la%20saison. Accessed 1 Mar 2023.

Han E, Tan MMJ, Turk E, et al. Lessons learnt from easing COVID-19 restrictions: an analysis of countries and regions in Asia Pacific and Europe. Lancet. 2020;396:1525–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Meningococcal disease: recommended vaccinations. Available at: https://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=48&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=-1. Accessed 21 Dec 2022.

Jolley KA, Bray JE, Maiden MCJ. Open-access bacterial population genomics: BIGSdb software, the PubMLST.org website and their applications. Wellcome Open Res. 2018;3:124–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aparecido Nunes A, De De Jesus Lopes Abreu A, Cintra O, et al. Meningococcal disease epidemiology in Brazil (2005–2018) and impact of MenC vaccination. Vaccine. 2021;39:605–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Graña MG, Cavada G, Vasquez M, et al. Modeling the public health impact of different meningococcal vaccination strategies with 4CMenB and MenACWY versus the current toddler MenACWY National Immunization Program in Chile. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17:5603–13.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McMillan M, Wang B, Koehler AP, Sullivan TR, Marshall HS. Impact of meningococcal B vaccine on invasive meningococcal disease in adolescents. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e233–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rubis A. Epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the United States. Presented at: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Meeting, February 23, 2023; Atlanta, GA, USA.

Ministère de la Santé et de la Prévention. Calendrier des vaccinations et recommandations vaccinales 2023. Available at: https://sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/calendrier_vaccinal_maj-juin23.pdf. Accessed 14 Jun 2023.

Haute Autorité de Santé. Stratégie de vaccination pour la prévention des infections invasives à méningocoques : Le sérogroupe B et la place de BEXSERO®. Available at: https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/p_3066921/fr/strategie-de-vaccination-pour-la-prevention-des-infections-invasives-a-meningocoques-le-serogroupe-b-et-la-place-de-bexsero#:~:text=Depuis%202013%2C%20l'utilisation%20de,%2C%20%C3%A9pid%C3%A9mie%2C%20hyperend%C3%A9mie%20localis%C3%A9e. Accessed 14 Jun 2023.

Stefanelli P, Fazio C, Vacca P, et al. An outbreak of severe invasive meningococcal disease due to a capsular switched Neisseria meningitidis hypervirulent strain B:cc11. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25:111.e1–e4.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Outbreak News Today. Meningococcal disease outbreak in São Paulo, Health officials reinforce importance of vaccination. Available at: http://outbreaknewstoday.com/meningococcal-disease-outbreak-in-sao-paulo-health-officials-reinforce-importance-of-vaccination-61531/. Accessed 2 Mar 2023.

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Meningococcal disease outbreak among gay, bisexual men in Florida, 2021–23. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/outbreaks/FL2022.html. Accessed 12 Sep 2023.

Okonji OC, Rackimuthu S, Gangat SA, et al. Meningitis during COVID -19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a call for concern. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2022;13:100955.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Neal KR, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Jeffrey N, et al. Changing carriage rate of Neisseria meningitidis among university students during the first week of term: cross sectional study. BMJ. 2000;320:846–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Choi H, Lee HM, Lee W, et al. Longitudinal study of meningococcal carriage rates in university entrants living in a dormitory in South Korea. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0244716.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

McMillan M, Walters L, Mark T, et al. B Part of It study: a longitudinal study to assess carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in first year university students in South Australia. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15:987–94.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Watle SV, Caugant DA, Tunheim G, et al. Meningococcal carriage in Norwegian teenagers: strain characterisation and assessment of risk factors. Epidemiol Infect. 2020;148:e80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cohen R, Pettoello-Mantovani M, Somekh E, Levy C. European pediatric societies call for an implementation of regular vaccination programs to contrast the immunity debt associated to coronavirus disease–2019 pandemic in children. J Pediatr. 2022;242:260–1.e3.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Billard MN, Bont LJ. Quantifying the RSV immunity debt following COVID-19: a public health matter. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23:3–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Santoli JM, Lindley MC, DeSilva MB, et al. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine pediatric vaccine ordering and administration—United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:591–3.

Article  PubMed  CAS