Golder V, Ooi JJY, Antony AS et al (2018) Discordance of patient and physician health status concerns in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 27(3):501–506

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alarcon GS, McGwin G Jr, Brooks K et al (2002) Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XI. Sources of discrepancy in perception of disease activity: a comparison of physician and patient visual analog scale scores. Arthritis Rheum 47(4):408–13

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bjork M, Dahlstrom O, Wettero J, Sjowall C (2015) Quality of life and acquired organ damage are intimately related to activity limitations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 16:188

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Urowitz MB, Ohsfeldt RL, Wielage RC, Kelton KA, Asukai Y, Ramachandran S (2019) Organ damage in patients treated with belimumab versus standard of care: a propensity score-matched comparative analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 78(3):372–379

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fessler BJ, Alarcon GS, McGwin G Jr et al (2005) Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups: XVI. Association of hydroxychloroquine use with reduced risk of damage accrual. Arthritis Rheum 52(5):1473–80

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akhavan PS, Su J, Lou W, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Fortin PR (2013) The early protective effect of hydroxychloroquine on the risk of cumulative damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 40(6):831–841

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gomez A, Parodis I (2022) Do biological agents improve health-related quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus? Results from a systematic search of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103188

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gomez A, Soukka S, Johansson P, et al. (2020) Use of antimalarial agents is associated with favourable physical functioning in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Med 9 (6):1813

Leong KP, Tan JC-W, Thong BYH et al (2023) Medications impact different aspects of the quality of life of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Rheum Dis 26(1):99–107

Article  Google Scholar 

Parodis I, Lopez Benavides AH, Zickert A et al (2019) The impact of belimumab and rituximab on health-related quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res 71(6):811–821

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gomez A, Qiu V, Cederlund A et al (2021) Adverse health-related quality of life outcome despite adequate clinical response to treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 8:651249

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parodis I, Girard-Guyonvarc’h C, Arnaud L et al (2023) EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological management of systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard-2023-224416

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tamayo T, Fischer-Betz R, Beer S, Winkler-Rohlfing B, Schneider M (2010) Factors influencing the health related quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: long-term results (2001–2005) of patients in the German Lupus Erythematosus Self-Help Organization (LULA Study). Lupus 19(14):1606–1613

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu LW, Zhang T, Pan HF, Li XP, Ye DQ (2010) BMI, disease activity, and health-related quality-of-life in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 29(12):1413–1417

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gomez A, Hani Butrus F, Johansson P et al (2021) Impact of overweight and obesity on patient-reported health-related quality of life in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 60(3):1260–1272

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patterson SL, Schmajuk G, Jafri K, Yazdany J, Katz P (2019) Obesity is independently associated with worse patient-reported outcomes in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res 71(1):126–133

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dyball S, Collinson S, Sutton E, McCarthy EM, Bruce IN, Parker B (2021) Lupus clinical trial eligibility in a real-world setting: results from the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group-Biologics Register (BILAG-BR). Lupus Sci Med 8(1):07

Article  Google Scholar 

Tektonidou MG, Kravvariti E, Konstantonis G, Tentolouris N, Sfikakis PP, Protogerou A (2017) Subclinical atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: comparable risk with diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 16(3):308–312

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reid S, Hagberg N, Sandling JK et al (2021) Interaction between the STAT4 rs11889341(T) risk allele and smoking confers increased risk of myocardial infarction and nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 80(9):1183–1189

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arevalo-Bermudez MD, Paradela S, Balboa-Barreiro V, Fonseca E (2020) Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: factors related to cutaneous activity and damage in a cohort of 260 patients from A Coruna, Spain. Lupus 29(9):1021–1030

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barbhaiya M, Tedeschi SK, Lu B et al (2018) Cigarette smoking and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus, overall and by anti-double stranded DNA antibody subtype, in the Nurses’ Health Study cohorts. Ann Rheum Dis 77(2):196–202

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parisis D, Bernier C, Chasset F, Arnaud L (2019) Impact of tobacco smoking upon disease risk, activity and therapeutic response in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev 18(11):102393

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parodis I, Sjowall C, Jonsen A et al (2017) Smoking and pre-existing organ damage reduce the efficacy of belimumab in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 16(4):343–351

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parodis I, Gomez A, Frodlund M et al (2018) Smoking reduces the efficacy of belimumab in mucocutaneous lupus. Expert Opin Biol Ther 18(8):911–920

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gatto M, Saccon F, Zen M et al (2020) Early disease and low baseline damage as predictors of response to belimumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in a real-life setting. Arthritis Rheumatol 72(8):1314–1324

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barta Z, Harrison MJ, Wangrangsimakul T et al (2010) Health-related quality of life, smoking and carotid atherosclerosis in white British women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 19(3):231–238

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vordenbaumen S, Kleefisch M, Sokolowski A et al (2023) Beneficial effects associated to a healthy lifestyle in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study. Lupus 32(7):855–863

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pettersson S, Bostrom C, Eriksson K, Svenungsson E, Gunnarsson I, Henriksson EW (2015) Lifestyle habits and fatigue among people with systemic lupus erythematosus and matched population controls. Lupus 24(9):955–965

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hochberg MC (1997) Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 40(9):1725

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcon GS et al (2012) Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 64(8):2677–2686

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arkema EV, Saleh M, Simard JF, Sjowall C (2023) Epidemiology and damage accrual of systemic lupus erythematosus in central sweden: a single-center population-based cohort study over 14 years from Ostergotland County. ACR Open Rheumatol 5(8):426–432

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Niknam BA, Zubizarreta JR (2022) Using cardinality matching to design balanced and representative samples for observational studies. JAMA 327(2):173–174

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dolan P (1997) Modeling valuations for EuroQol health states. Med Care 35(11):1095–1108

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ekdahl C, Eberhardt K, Andersson SI, Svensson B (1988) Assessing disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Use of a Swedish version of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. Scand J Rheumatol 17(4):263–71

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Druce KL, Jones GT, Macfarlane GJ, Basu N (2015) Patients receiving anti-TNF therapies experience clinically important improvements in RA-related fatigue: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 54(6):964–971

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alli BY (2021) InteractionR: An R package for full reporting of effect modification and interaction. Softw Impacts 10:100147

Article  Google Scholar 

Wells GA, Tugwell P, Kraag GR, Baker PR, Groh J, Redelmeier DA (1993) Minimum important difference between patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the patient’s perspective. J Rheumatol 20(3):557–560

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pope JE, Khanna D, Norrie D, Ouimet JM (2009) The minimally important difference for the health assessment questionnaire in rheumatoid arthritis clinical practice is smaller than in randomized controlled trials. J Rheumatol 36(2):254–259

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farivar SS, Liu H, Hays RD (2004) Half standard deviation estimate of the minimally important difference in HRQOL scores? Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 4(5):515–523