Public Health Programe, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Dehasen Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia; Lincoln University College, Wisma Lincoln, Selangor, Malaysia.

Hepatitis B is a serious threat to public health on a global scale. The Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which spreads both vertically and horizontally, is easily contracted by anyone. In 2020, the World Health Organization estimates that 257 million people worldwide have hepatitis B, and 900,000 people die from it each year. According to the World Health Organization (2021), there are approximately 39.4 million people in Southeast Asia living with chronic hepatitis B mortality, with 410,000 deaths caused by the disease.  HBV can spread through injections, horizontal transmission, blood transfusions, and organ transplants. Cochrane, Science Direct, PubMed, Elsevier, Sage, Willey, DOAJ, and Google Scholar database sources were used to search for supported research on how to prevent hepatitis virus transmission in urban communities. 15 publications address the primary and secondary prevention of hepatitis B transmission in urban settings. Prevention keeps a person in good health and prevents them from progressing to a later, worse stage. Given that the hepatitis B virus can infect anyone, regardless of age, and that it affects people's health worldwide, as well as their families, communities, and families within them. In order to eradicate the hepatitis B virus, society must be aware of the importance of implementing preventive measures on a continuous and long-term basis through health advocacy activities, hepatitis B virus screening campaigns, health education, counseling, hepatitis B vaccination with community-based activities, and secondary prevention through combination therapy treatment in post-liver transplant patients.

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Luo Y, Dong Z, Qi S. Application of health education model based on theory of behavior change in nursing care of patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Nanomat 2022;2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1982554 Liu D, Liu Y, Ni J, et al. Hepatitis B infection among pregnant women in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers Public Health 2022;10:879289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.879289 Chen Z, Zeng M, Liu D, et al. Antenatal administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin and hepatitis B vaccine to prevent mother to child transmission in hepatitis B virus surface antigen positive pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 2020;99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000019886

Aladag H, Aladag M. Is the use of Tenofovir Dipivoxil fumarate effective and safe in preventing vertical transmission in pregnant women with chronic HBV with high viral load?. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023;27.

Hoo CZ, WZ WA, Omar H, Tan SS. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: An observation of routine practice in a tertiary liver centre before and after the introduction of the global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis. Med J Malaysia 2023;78:234-40.

Dwiartama A, Nirbayati WF, Giri-Rachman EA, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards hepatitis B infection prevention and screening among Indonesians. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:4644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084644 Hyun CS, Ko O, Lee S, McMenamin J. Long term outcome of a community-based hepatitis B awareness campaign: eight-year follow-up on linkage to care (LTC) in HBV infected individuals. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19:1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4283-x Wu Z, Bao H, Yao J, et al. Suitable hepatitis B vaccine for adult immunization in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2019;15:220-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1509172 Freeland C, Bodor S, Perera U, Cohen C. Barriers to hepatitis B screening and prevention for African immigrant populations in the United States: A qualitative study. Viruses 2020;12:305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12030305 Maamor NH, Muhamad NA, Mohd Dali NS, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B among healthcare workers in Asia and Africa and its association with their knowledge and awareness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2022;10:859350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.859350

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Eleje GU, Onubogu CU, Fiebai PO, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among pregnant women with single, dual or triplex infections of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med 2022;10:20503121221095411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121221095411 Rockett IR, Putnam SL, Jia H, et al. Unmet substance abuse treatment need, health services utilization, and cost: a population-based emergency department study. Ann Emerg Med 2005;45:118-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.08.003 Yim HJ, Kim JH, Cho YK, et al. Non-inferior efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologically suppressed chronic hepatitis B patients. Drug Des Devel Therapy 2022:3263-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S376821 Machmud PB, Führer A, Gottschick C, Mikolajczyk R. Barriers to and Facilitators of Hepatitis B Vaccination among the Adult Population in Indonesia: A Mixed Methods Study. Vaccines 2023;11:398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020398 Périères L, Diallo A, Marcellin F, et al. Hepatitis B in Senegal: a successful infant vaccination program but urgent need to scale up screening and treatment (ANRS 12356 AmBASS survey). Hepatology Comm 2022;6:1005-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1879 Wang X, Zhang Y, Ben Y, et al. Anti-HBc IgG responses occurring at the early phase of infection correlate negatively with HBV replication in a mouse model. Viruses 2022;14:2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v14092011 Banik S, Datta A, Ghosh A, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in Bangladesh: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect 2022;150:e47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268822000061 Yotsuyanagi H, Kurosaki M, Yatsuhashi H, et al. Characteristics and healthcare costs in the aging hepatitis B population of Japan: a nationwide real-world analysis. Digest Dis 2022;40:68-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000515854 Bierhoff M, Hashmi AH, Pateekhum C, et al. A mixed-methods evaluation of hepatitis B knowledge, attitudes, and practices among migrant women in Thailand. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021;21:1-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03914-2 Ko K, Kim R, Nagashima S, et al. Residual risk of mother-to-child transmission of HBV despite timely Hepatitis B vaccination: a major challenge to eliminate hepatitis B infection in Cambodia. BMC Infect Dis 2023;23:1-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08249-1

Banafa AM, Edrees WH, Al-Falahi GH, Al-Shehari WA. Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among orphans children living in orphanage in Sana'a city, Yemen. PSM Microbiol 2022;7:19-26.

Mugabiirwe N, Kalyetsi R, Ayella R, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection and HBeAg positivity among pregnant women in South West Uganda. Afr J Laboratory Med 2022;11:1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ajlm.v11i1.1784 Joseph Davey D, Hsiao NY, Wendy Spearman C, et al. Low prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-uninfected pregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for oral pre-exposure prophylaxis roll out. BMC Infect Dis 2022;22:719. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07697-5 Yusuf F, Abubakar A, Maghfirah D, Baswin A. Relationship red distribution width to platelet ratio with fibrosis degrees based on transient elastography in chronic hepatitis B patients. Bali Med J 2021;10:793-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v10i2.2355 Komada K, Ichimura Y, Shimada M, et al. Impact of hepatitis B vaccination programs in Vietnam evaluated by estimating HBsAg prevalence. J Virus Erad 2022;8:100309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jve.2022.100309 Zheng S, Zhang H, Chen R, et al. Pregnancy complicated with hepatitis B virus infection and preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregn Childbirth 2021;21:1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03978-0

Denando RK, Cahyati WH. Faktor Risiko Hepatitis B pada Ibu Hamil di Kota Semarang Tahun 2020-2021 (Studi Kasus di Puskesmas Genuk & Puskesmas Bangetayu). Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 2022;10:656-65.

Ma T, Aw MM, Lee GH. Cost-effectiveness analysis of antiviral treatment for pregnant women with high viral load to prevent hepatitis B virus vertical transmission. Singapore Med J 2020;61:24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2019092 Sirilert S, Tongsong T. Hepatitis B virus infection in pregnancy: immunological response, natural course and pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Medi 2021;10:2926. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132926 Rajamoorthy Y, Taib NM, Mudatsir M, et al. Risk behaviours related to hepatitis B virus infection among adults in Malaysia: A cross-sectional household survey. Clin Epidemiol Global Health 2020;8:76-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2019.04.011