Portenoy RK (2011) Treatment of cancer pain. Lancet 377(9784):2236–2247

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mercadante S, Bruera E (2016) Opioid switching in cancer pain: from the beginning to nowadays. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 99:241–248

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pattullo GG (2022) Opioids in acute pain: towards getting the right balance. Anaesth Intensive Care 50(1–2):68–80

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walsh D (2005) Advances in opioid therapy and formulations. Support Care Cancer 13(3):138–144

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davis MP, Walsh D (2004) Epidemiology of cancer pain and factors influencing poor pain control. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 21(2):137–142

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donnelly S, Davis MP, Walsh D, Naughton M, World Health O (2002) Morphine in cancer pain management: a practical guide. Support Care Cancer 10(1):13–35

Article  Google Scholar 

Hegmann KT, Weiss MS, Bowden K et al (2014) ACOEM practice guidelines: opioids and safety-sensitive work. J Occup Environ Med 56(7):e46-53

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R (2022) CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain - United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep 71(3):1–95

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Santini D, Lanzetta G, Dell’Aquila E et al (2013) ‘Old’ and ‘new’ drugs for the treatment of cancer pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother 14(4):425–433

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simpson KH (2002) Individual choice of opioids and formulations: strategies to achieve the optimum for the patient. Clin Rheumatol 21(Suppl 1):S5-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pasternak GW (2018) Mu opioid pharmacology: 40 years to the promised land. Adv Pharmacol 82:261–291

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Webster LR, Fine PG (2012) Review and critique of opioid rotation practices and associated risks of toxicity. Pain Med 13(4):562–570

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Knotkova H, Fine PG, Portenoy RK (2009) Opioid rotation: the science and the limitations of the equianalgesic dose table. J Pain Symptom Manage 38(3):426–439

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fine PG, Portenoy RK (2009) Ad Hoc Expert Panel on Evidence R, Guidelines for opioid R. Establishing “best practices” for opioid rotation: conclusions of an expert panel. J P Symptom Manag 38(3):418–425

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Slatkin NE (2009) Opioid switching and rotation in primary care: implementation and clinical utility. Curr Med Res Opin 25(9):2133–2150

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nalamachu SR (2012) Opioid rotation in clinical practice. Adv Ther 29(10):849–863

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vadalouca A, Moka E, Argyra E, Sikioti P, Siafaka I (2008) Opioid rotation in patients with cancer: a review of the current literature. J Opioid Manag 4(4):213–250

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muller-Busch HC, Lindena G, Tietze K, Woskanjan S (2005) Opioid switch in palliative care, opioid choice by clinical need and opioid availability. Eur J Pain 9(5):571–579

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Estfan B, LeGrand SB, Walsh D, Lagman RL, Davis MP (2005) Opioid rotation in cancer patients: pros and cons. Oncology (Williston Park) 19(4):511–516; discussion 516–518, 521–513, 527–518

Quigley C (2004) Opioid switching to improve pain relief and drug tolerability. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD004847

Indelicato RA, Portenoy RK (2002) Opioid rotation in the management of refractory cancer pain. J Clin Oncol 20(1):348–352

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reddy A, Sinclair C, Crawford GB et al (2022) Opioid rotation and conversion ratios used by palliative care professionals: an international survey. J Palliat Med 25(10):1557–1562

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moksnes K, Dale O, Rosland JH, Paulsen O, Klepstad P, Kaasa S (2011) How to switch from morphine or oxycodone to methadone in cancer patients? A randomised clinical phase II trial. Eur J Cancer 47(16):2463–2470

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ventafridda V, Ripamonti C, Bianchi M, Sbanotto A, De Conno F (1986) A randomized study on oral administration of morphine and methadone in the treatment of cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manag 1(4):203–207

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bruera E, Palmer JL, Bosnjak S et al (2004) Methadone versus morphine as a first-line strong opioid for cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Oncol 22(1):185–192

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mercadante S, Ferrera P, Villari P, Casuccio A, Intravaia G, Mangione S (2009) Frequency, indications, outcomes, and predictive factors of opioid switching in an acute palliative care unit. J Pain Symptom Manage 37(4):632–641

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glue P, Cape G, Tunnicliff D et al (2016) Switching opioid-dependent patients from methadone to morphine: safety, tolerability, and methadone pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 56(8):960–965

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gagnon B, Bruera E (1999) Differences in the ratios of morphine to methadone in patients with neuropathic pain versus non-neuropathic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 18(2):120–125

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lukin B, Greenslade J, Kearney AM et al (2020) Conversion of other opioids to methadone: a retrospective comparison of two methods. BMJ Support Palliat Care 10(2):201–204

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rhondali W, Tremellat F, Ledoux M, Ciais JF, Bruera E, Filbet M (2013) Methadone rotation for cancer patients with refractory pain in a palliative care unit: an observational study. J Palliat Med 16(11):1382–1387

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benitez-Rosario MA, Salinas-Martin A, Aguirre-Jaime A, Perez-Mendez L, Feria M (2009) Morphine-methadone opioid rotation in cancer patients: analysis of dose ratio predicting factors. J Pain Symptom Manage 37(6):1061–1068

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walker PW, Palla S, Pei BL et al (2008) Switching from methadone to a different opioid: what is the equianalgesic dose ratio? J Palliat Med 11(8):1103–1108

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tse DM, Sham MM, Ng DK, Ma HM (2003) An ad libitum schedule for conversion of morphine to methadone in advanced cancer patients: an open uncontrolled prospective study in a Chinese population. Palliat Med 17(2):206–211

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mercadante S, Casuccio A, Fulfaro F et al (2001) Switching from morphine to methadone to improve analgesia and tolerability in cancer patients: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 19(11):2898–2904

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chatham MS, Dodds Ashley ES, Svengsouk JS, Juba KM (2013) Dose ratios between high dose oral morphine or equivalents and oral methadone. J Palliat Med 16(8):947–950

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fredheim OM, Borchgrevink PC, Hegrenaes L, Kaasa S