Porter, D. L., Levine, B. L., Kalos, M., Bagg, A. & June, C. H. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 725–733 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

June, C. H., O’Connor, R. S., Kawalekar, O. U., Ghassemi, S. & Milone, M. C. CAR-T-cell immunotherapy for human cancer. Science 359, 1361–1365 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyiadzis, M. M. et al. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapies for the treatment of hematologic malignancies: clinical perspective and significance. J. Immunother. Cancer 6, 137 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Del Bufalo, F. et al. GD2-CART01 for relapsed or refractory high-risk neuroblastoma. reply. N. Engl. J. Med. 388, 1284–1295 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mackensen, A. et al. CLDN6-specific CAR-T-cells plus amplifying RNA vaccine in relapsed or refractory solid tumors: the phase 1 BNT211-01 trial. Nat. Med. 29, 2844–2853 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schubert, M. L. et al. Side-effect management of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Ann. Oncol. 32, 34–48 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hines, M. R. et al. Immune effector cell-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-like syndrome. Transpl. Cell Ther. 29, 438.e1–438.e16 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Rejeski, K. et al. Immune effector cell-associated hematotoxicity: EHA/EBMT consensus grading and best practice recommendations. Blood 142, 865–877 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kansal, R. et al. Sustained B cell depletion by CD19-targeted CAR T cells is a highly effective treatment for murine lupus. Sci. Transl. Med. 11, eaav1648 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ellebrecht, C. T. et al. Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease. Science 353, 179–184 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mougiakakos, D. et al. CD19-targeted CAR T-cells in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 567–569 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mackensen, A. et al. Anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Med. 28, 2124–2132 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Müller, F. et al. CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune disease — a case series with follow-up. N. Engl. J. Med. 390, 687–700. (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taubmann, J. et al. CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell treatment: unraveling the role of B-cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 76, 497–504 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang, W. et al. BCMA-CD19 compound CAR T cells for systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase 1 open-label clinical trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 30:ard-2024-225785; https://doi.org/10.1136/ard-2024-225785 (2024).

Taubmann, J. et al. Rescue therapy of antisynthetase syndrome with CD19-targeted CAR-T-cells after failure of several B-cell depleting antibodies. Rheumatology 63, e12–e14 (2023).

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pecher, A. C. et al. CD19-targeting CAR T-cells for myositis and interstitial lung disease associated with antisynthetase syndrome. JAMA 329, 2154–2162 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qin, C. et al. Single-cell analysis of refractory anti-SRP necrotizing myopathy treated with anti-BCMA CAR-T-cell therapy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2315990121 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Müller, F. et al. CD19-targeted CAR T-cells in refractory anti-synthetase syndrome. Lancet 401, 815–818 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bergmann, C. et al. Treatment of a patient with severe systemic sclerosis (SSc) using CD19-targeted CAR-T-cells. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 1117–1120 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Merkt, W. et al. Third-generation CD19.CAR-T-cell-containing combination therapy in Scl70+ systemic sclerosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 83, 543–546 (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Qin, C. et al. Anti-BCMA CAR T-cell therapy CT103A in relapsed or refractory AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: phase 1 trial interim results. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 8, 5 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haghikia, A. et al. Anti-CD19 CAR T-cells for refractory myasthenia gravis. Lancet Neurol. 22, 1104–1105 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Granit, V. et al. Safety and clinical activity of autologous RNA chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in myasthenia gravis (MG-001): a prospective, multicentre, open-label, non-randomised phase 1b/2a study. Lancet Neurol. 22, 578–590 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tian, D. S. et al. B-cell lineage reconstitution underlies CAR-T-cell therapeutic efficacy in patients with refractory myasthenia gravis. EMBO Mol. Med. 16, 966–987 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fischbach, F. et al. CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in two patients with multiple sclerosis. Med 5, 550–558.e2 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doglio, M. et al. Regulatory T cells expressing CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor restore homeostasis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Nat. Commun. 15, 2542 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Greco, R. et al. Innovative cellular therapies for autoimmune diseases: expert-based position statement and clinical practice recommendations from the EBMT practice harmonization and guidelines committee. EClinicalMedicine 69, 102476 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Muraro, P. A. Resetting tolerance in autoimmune disease. Science 380, 470–471 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Del Bufalo, F. et al. Allogeneic, donor-derived, second-generation, CD19-directed CAR-T-cells for the treatment of pediatric relapsed/refractory BCP-ALL. Blood 142, 146–157 (2023).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jhita, N. & Raikar, S. S. Allogeneic gamma delta T cells as adoptive cellular therapy for hematologic malignancies. Explor. Immunol. 2, 334–350 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang, L. et al. Recent advances in lipid nanoparticles for delivery of mRNA. Pharmaceutics 14, 2682 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dimitri, A., Herbst, F. & Fraietta, J. A. Engineering the next-generation of CAR T-cells with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Mol. Cancer 21, 78 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed