M. Perera, N. Papa, M. Roberts et al. Gallium-68 Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography in Advanced Prostate Cancer-Updated Diagnostic Utility, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Distribution of Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen-avid Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur. Urol. 77, 403–417 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2019.01.049

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R.G. Lapidus, C.W. Tiffany, J.T. Isaacs, B.S. Slusher,, Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) enzyme activity is elevated in prostate cancer cells. Prostate. 45, 350–354 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0045(20001201)45:4<350::aid-pros10>3.0.co;2-u

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A. Rizzo, S. Dall’Armellina, D.A. Pizzuto et al. PSMA Radioligand Uptake as a Biomarker of Neoangiogenesis in Solid Tumours: Diagnostic or Theragnostic Factor? Cancers 14, 4039 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14164039

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D. Malik, A. Sood, B.R. Mittal et al. Nonspecific Uptake of 68Ga-Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen in Diseases other than Prostate Malignancy on Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging: A Pictorial Assay and Review of Literature. Indian J. Nucl. Med. 33, 317–325 (2018). https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnm.IJNM_81_18

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

F. Bertagna, D. Albano, L. Giovanella et al. 68Ga-PSMA PET thyroid incidentalomas. Hormones 18, 145–149 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-019-00106-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

F. Gossili, L.J. Petersen, H.D. Zacho, The frequency of thyroid incidental findings and risk of malignancy detected by 68Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen PET/CT in prostate cancer. Hell J. Nucl. Med. 23, 240–245 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1967/s002449912202

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M. Moore, S. Panjwani, R. Mathew et al. Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Neovasculature Expresses Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-a Possible Novel Therapeutic Target. Endocr. Pathol. 28, 339–344 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-017-9500-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

F. Ceci, D.E. Oprea-Lager, L. Emmett et al. E-PSMA: the EANM standardized reporting guidelines v1.0 for PSMA-PET. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 48, 1626–1638 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05245-y

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

G. Russ, S.J. Bonnema, M.F. Erdogan, C. Durante, R. Ngu, L. Leenhardt, European Thyroid Association Guidelines for Ultrasound Malignancy Risk Stratification of Thyroid Nodules in Adults: The EU-TIRADS. Eur. Thyroid J. 6, 225–237 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1159/000478927

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

B.R. Haugen, E.K. Alexander, K.C. Bible et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 26, 1–133 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2015.0020

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

K. Kaliszewski, D. Diakowska, B. Wojtczak, Z. Forkasiewicz, Evaluation of selected ultrasound features of thyroid nodules with atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance for the Bethesda reporting system for thyroid cytology. Cancer Manag. Res. 10, 2223–2229 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S168409

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

G. Treglia, F. Bertagna, R. Sadeghi, F.A. Verburg, L. Ceriani, L. Giovanella, Focal thyroid incidental uptake detected by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Meta-analysis on prevalence and malignancy risk. Nuklearmedizin 52, 130–136 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3413/Nukmed-0568-13-03

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

F. Bertagna, G. Treglia, A. Piccardo et al. F18-FDG-PET/CT thyroid incidentalomas: a wide retrospective analysis in three Italian centres on the significance of focal uptake and SUV value. Endocrine 43, 678–685 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-012-9837-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

F. Bertagna, G. Treglia, A. Piccardo, R. Giubbini, Diagnostic and clinical significance of F-18-FDG-PET/CT thyroid incidentalomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, 3866–3875 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2390

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J.F. de Leijer, M.J.H. Metman, A. van der Hoorn et al. Focal Thyroid Incidentalomas on 18F-FDG PET/CT: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Prevalence, Risk of Malignancy and Inconclusive Fine Needle Aspiration. Front. Endocrinol. 12, 723394 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.723394

Article  Google Scholar 

R.E. Conway, N. Petrovic, Z. Li, W. Heston, D. Wu, L.H. Shapiro, Prostate-specific membrane antigen regulates angiogenesis by modulating integrin signal transduction. Mol. Cell Biol. 26, 5310–5324 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00084-06

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

K.K.S. Godê, F.A. Mourato, A.F.F. Sales et al. Thyroid incidentalomas in PSMA PET/CT: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Transl. Imaging 11, 263–269 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40336-022-00537-1

Article  Google Scholar 

A. Rizzo, M. Racca, S. Dall’Armellina et al. Potential Role of PSMA-Targeted PET in Thyroid Malignant Disease: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics 13, 564 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030564

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

A. Bychkov, U. Vutrapongwatana, S. Tepmongkol, S. Keelawat, PSMA expression by microvasculature of thyroid tumors - Potential implications for PSMA theranostics. Sci. Rep. 7, 5202 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05481-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

P. Verma, G. Malhotra, R. Agrawal, S. Sonavane, V. Meshram, R.V. Asopa, Evidence of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Expression in Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Using 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC PET/CT. Clin. Nucl. Med. 43(8), e265–e268 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000002161

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M.W. Piek, L.H. de Vries, M.L. Donswijk et al. Retrospective analysis of PSMA PET/CT thyroid incidental uptake in adults: incidence, diagnosis, and treatment/outcome in a tertiary cancer referral center and University Medical Center. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 49(7), 2392–2400 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-022-05679-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M.L. Donswijk, M.W. Piek, Z. Cheung et al. Incidence of PSMA PET thyroid incidentaloma depends on analysis method and tracer. Eur. Radiol. 33, 3377–3385 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-023-09492-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M.M. Osman, A. Iravani, R.J. Hicks, M.S. Hofman, Detection of Synchronous Primary Malignancies with 68Ga-Labeled Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT in Patients with Prostate Cancer: Frequency in 764 Patients. J. Nucl. Med. 58, 1938–1942 (2017). https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.117.190215

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

K.W. Kang, S.K. Kim, H.S. Kang et al. Prevalence and risk of cancer of focal thyroid incidentaloma identified by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for metastasis evaluation and cancer screening in healthy subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 4100–4104 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030465

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ö. Demir, N. Köse, E. Özkan, U. Ünlütürk, G. Aras, M.F. Erdoğan, Clinical significance of thyroid incidentalomas identified by 18F-FDG PET/CT: correlation of ultrasonograpy findings with cytology results. Nucl. Med. Commun. 37, 715–720 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1097/MNM.0000000000000495

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

P. Trimboli, G. Paone, G. Treglia et al. Fine-needle aspiration in all thyroid incidentalomas at 18 F-FDG PET/CT: Can EU-TIRADS revise the dogma? Clin. Endocrinol. 89, 642–648 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13819

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

P. Trimboli, A. Piccardo, M. Alevizaki et al. Dedicated neck 18 F-FDG PET/CT: An additional tool for risk assessment in thyroid nodules at ultrasound intermediate risk. Clin. Endocrinol. 90, 737–743 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13949

Article  Google Scholar 

S.R. Chung, Y.J. Choi, C.H. Suh et al. Thyroid Incidentalomas Detected on 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography with Computed Tomography: Malignant Risk Stratification and Management Plan. Thyroid 28, 762–768 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2017.0560