JMO’S reports consulting or advisory roles for Bayer, Janssen, Astellas Pharma, Sanofi and Novartis. Speakers’ Bureau from Bayer, Janssen and Novartis. His institution has received research funding from Bayer. DH reports consulting or advisory roles from Astellas Pharma, Bayer, Eisai, Ipsen, Organon and Pfizer. Honoraria from Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, EUSA, Ferring, Ipsen, Janssen-Cilaq, Merck, Sharp & Dome (MSD), Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi and Pfizer. His institution has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Janssen-Cilaq, MSD, Pfizer and Roche. EC reports consulting or advisory roles from Bayer, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Astellas Pharma, Merck, Pfizer and MSD Oncology. Travel, accommodation or expenses from Bayer, Janssen, Roche, Astellas Pharma and AstraZeneca. Expert testimony from Pfizer. Honoraria from Astellas Pharma, Janssen-Cilag, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Pfizer, Roche and Clovis Oncology. Her institution has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Janssen and SYNLAB. SG reports consulting or advisory roles from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bayer, Pfizer, Exelixis, Corvus Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi/Genzyme, EMD Serono, Seattle Genetics/Astellas, Eisai, Merck, AVEO, AstraZeneca and QED Therapeutics. His institution has received research funding from Pfizer, Merck, Agensys, Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bayer, Eisai, Seattle Genetics/Astellas, Calithera Biosciences, Corvus Pharmaceuticals, Surface Oncology, Exelixis, Aravive, Aveo and Gilead Sciences. SD reports consulting or advisory roles from GE Healthcare, Bayer and Advanced Accelerator Applications. SB has no conflicts of interest to declare. ME reports consulting or advisory roles from Advanced Accelerator Applications, Bayer and Ipsen. Travel, accommodation or expenses from Ipsen. IJdeJ reports speakers’ bureau from AstraZeneca. Travel, accommodation or expenses from Bayer. SL has no conflicts of interest to declare. PGH reports consulting or advisory roles from Bayer, Amgen, Novartis, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Astellas Pharma, Merck, Pfizer, Takeda and MSD Oncology. Travel, accommodation or expenses from Bayer, Janssen, Astellas Pharma and Pfizer. BT reports consulting or advisory roles from Astellas Pharma, Bayer, Ferring, Janssen, Takeda, Steba Biotech, Sanofi, Myovant Sciences, Pfizer/Astellas. Speakers’ bureau from Amgen, Janssen and Astellas Pharma. Travel, accommodation or expenses from Amgen, Astellas Pharma, Bayer, Ferring, Janssen and Sanofi. Expert testimony from Tookad. Honoraria from Amgen, Astellas Pharma, Bayer, Ferring, Sanofi, Janssen, Pfizer and Myovant Sciences. His institution has received research funding from Ferring. NDJ reports consulting or advisory roles from Sanofi, Bayer, Astellas Pharma, Janssen, Clovis Oncology, EUSA pharma and Pfizer. Speakers’ bureau from Pierre Fabre, Ferring, Sanofi, Astellas Pharma, Janssen Oncology, Merck and AstraZeneca. Travel, accommodation or expenses from Sanofi and Janssen. Honoraria from Sanofi, Bayer, Janssen and Astellas Pharma. His institution has received research funding from Janssen, Astellas Pharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, Novartis and AstraZeneca. JM is an employee of Bayer and reports stock and other ownership interests from Bayer (myself and an immediate family member), Pfizer (myself and an immediate family member), Lilly (myself and an immediate family member). PS is an employee of Bayer. OS reports consulting or advisory roles from Bayer, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Dendreon, Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Advanced Accelerator Applications, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bavarian Nordic, EMD Serono, Astellas Pharma, Progenics, Blue Earth Diagnostics, Myovant Sciences, Myriad Genetics, Novartis, Clarity Pharmaceuticals, Fusion Pharmaceuticals, Isotopen Technologien, Janssen, Noxopharm, Clovis Oncology, Noria Therapeutics, Point Biopharma, TeneoBio, Telix Pharmaceuticals and Theragnostics. Travel, accommodation or expenses from Bayer, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi, AstraZeneca and Progenics. Expert testimony from Sanofi. Stock and other ownership interests from Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, AbbVie, Cardinal Health, United Health Group, PSMA Therapeutics, Clarity Pharmaceuticals, Noria Therapeutics and Clovis Oncology. His institution has received research funding from Bayer, Sanofi, Endocyte, Merck, InVitae, Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Advanced Accelerator Applications, AstraZeneca and Dendreon. He has received research funding from SOTIO and Janssen.

The conduct of REASSURE complies with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines and regulations of the European Medicines Agency, US Food and Drug Administration, applicable local laws and regulations, and International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice. All patients provided signed informed consent, and approvals were obtained from ethical committees or institutional review boards in the participating countries (a list of the ethics committees/institutional review boards that approved the study is provided in Supplementary Table 3).