Muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE)—also known as strength, weight or resistance training—includes activities that use equipment such as free weights, resistance machines, resistance bands or body weight (eg, push-ups). While each method has unique characteristics and training settings, they all offer neuromuscular benefits that are dependent on individual training characteristics.

Individuals engage in MSE for various reasons, such as enhancing sports performance, aesthetic goals, rehabilitation for injury and improving overall fitness and health. Regular participation in MSE enhances muscle strength, power, endurance and skeletal muscle mass. For older adults, MSE is a critical component of healthy ageing, defined by the WHO as …