Allenbach Y, Benveniste O, Goebel HH, Stenzel W (2017) Integrated classification of inflammatory myopathies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 43(1):62–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/nan.12380

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mariampillai K, Granger B, Amelin D et al (2018) Development of a new classification system for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies based on clinical manifestations and myositis-specific autoantibodies. JAMA Neurol 75(12):1528–1537. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2598

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahn GY, Suh CH, Kim YG, Park YB, Shim SC, Lee SH, Lee SS, Bae SC, Yoo DH (2020) Efficacy and safety of rituximab in Korean patients with refractory inflammatory myopathies. J Korean Med Sci 35(38). https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e335

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Manwatkar A, Naresh K, Mathew J, Nair AV, Goel R, Yadav B, Prakash JAJ, Das JK, Sivadasan A (2024) Comparison of rituximab efficacy in treatment-naïve and refractory inflammatory myopathies: experiences from a tertiary care centre. Rheumatology (Oxford) 00:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keae307

Campochiaro C, Farina N, De Luca G, Batani V, Trignani G, Vignale D, Palmisano A, Matucci-Cerinic M, Dagna L (2024) Effectiveness and safety of mycophenolate mofetil and rituximab combination therapy for immune idiopathic myopathies. Arthritis Res Ther 26(1):79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-024-03310-z

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marie I, Dominique S, Janvresse A, Levesque H, Menard JF (2012) Rituximab therapy for refractory interstitial lung disease related to antisynthetase syndrome. Respir Med 106(4):581–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2012.01.001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doyle TJ, Dhillon N, Madan R et al (2018) Rituximab in the treatment of interstitial lung disease associated with antisynthetase syndrome: a multicenter retrospective case review. J Rheumatol 45(6):841–850. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.170541

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Andersson H, Sem M, Lund MB, Aalokken TM, Gunther A, Walle-Hansen R, Garen T, Molberg O (2015) Long-term experience with rituximab in anti-synthetase syndrome-related interstitial lung disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 54(8):1420–1428. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kev004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

So H, Wong VTL, Lao VWN, Pang HT, Yip RML (2018) Rituximab for refractory rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease related to anti-MDA5 antibody-positive amyopathic dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol 37(7):1983–1989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-018-4122-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mao MM, Xia S, Guo BP, Qian WP, Zheng ZX, Peng XM, Chen RC, Luo Q, Han Q (2020) Ultra-low dose rituximab as add-on therapy in anti-MDA5-positive patients with polymyositis /dermatomyositis associated ILD. Respir Med 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2020.105983

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Narvaez J, Canadillas E, Castellvi I, Alegre JJ, Vicens-Zygmunt V, Bermudo G, Vidal-Montal P, Molina Molina M, Nolla JM (2024) Rituximab in the treatment of progressive interstitial lung disease associated with the antisynthetase syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther 26(1):122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-024-03353-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maher TM, Tudor VA, Saunders P et al (2023) Rituximab versus intravenous cyclophosphamide in patients with connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease in the UK (RECITAL): a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, controlled, phase 2b trial. Lancet Respir Med 11(1):45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00359-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oddis CV, Reed AM, Aggarwal R et al (2013) Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: a randomized, placebo-phase trial. Arthritis Rheum 65(2):314–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.37754

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Holzer MT, Nies JF, Oqueka T, Huber TB, Kotter I, Krusche M (2023) Successful rescue therapy with daratumumab in rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease caused by MDA5-positive dermatomyositis. Chest 163(1):e1–e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2022.08.2209

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ostendorf L, Muench F, Thormahlen L, Galbavy Z, Korner R, Nee J, Schneider U (2023) Rescue combination treatment of anti-MDA5-associated ARDS with daratumumab. RMD Open 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003238

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Landon-Cardinal O, Allard-Chamard H, Chapdelaine H, Doucet S, Rich E, Bourre-Tessier J (2023) Daratumumab as a rescue therapy in severe refractory anti-SRP immune-mediated necrotising myopathy. Ann Rheum Dis. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard-2022-223541

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pecher AC, Hensen L, Klein R et al (2023) CD19-Targeting CAR-T cells for myositis and interstitial lung disease associated with antisynthetase syndrome. JAMA 329(24):2154–2162. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.8753

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Muller F, Boeltz S, Knitza J et al (2023) CD19-targeted CAR-T cells in refractory antisynthetase syndrome. Lancet 401(10379):815–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00023-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taubmann J, Knitza J, Muller F et al (2024) Rescue therapy of antisynthetase syndrome with CD19-targeted CAR-T cells after failure of several B-cell depleting antibodies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 63(1):e12–e14. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kead330

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qin C, Dong MH, Zhou LQ et al (2024) Single-cell analysis of refractory anti-SRP necrotizing myopathy treated with anti-BCMA CAR-T cell therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 121(6). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2315990121

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Wu X, Tan B et al (2024) Allogeneic CD19-targeted CAR-T therapy in patients with severe myositis and systemic sclerosis. Cell 187(18):4890-4904 e4899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.027

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cui BB, Tian YR, Ma XY, Yin G, Xie Q (2021) Belimumab for immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy associated with anti-SRP antibodies: a case report and retrospective review of patients treated with anti-B-cell therapy in a single center and literature. Front Immunol 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.777502

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marder G, Quach T, Chadha P et al (2023) Belimumab treatment of adult idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford). https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kead281

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Li Y, Shen T, Zhang H, Luo S, Zhang Q, Dang X, Li X, Long H (2024) Belimumab ameliorates symptoms and disease activity in dermatomyositis and juvenile dermatomyositis patients refractory to standard therapy: a retrospective observational study. J Am Acad Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2024.04.060

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao H, Lin J, Yang M, Gui M, Ji S, Bu B, Li Y (2024) Telitacicept add-on therapy in refractory idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: insights from a pilot study. Rheumatology (Oxford). https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keae601

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hagen M, Bucci L, Böltz S et al (2024) BCMA-targeted T-cell-engager therapy for autoimmune disease. N Engl J Med 391(9):867–869. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2408786

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang M, Yuan J, Wang Y, Hao H, Zhang W, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Zhao Y (2024) Treatment of refractory immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy with efgartigimod. Front Immunol 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1447182

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Greenberg SA, Bradshaw EM, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS, Burleson T, Due B, Bregoli L, O’Connor KC, Amato AA (2005) Plasma cells in muscle in inclusion body myositis and polymyositis. Neurology 65(11):1782–1787. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000187124.92826.20

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pinal-Fernandez I, Muñoz-Braceras S, Casal-Dominguez M et al (2024) Pathological autoantibody internalisation in myositis. Ann Rheum Dis 83(11):1549–1560. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard-2024-225773

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arouche-Delaperche L, Allenbach Y, Amelin D et al (2017) Pathogenic role of anti-signal recognition protein and anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase antibodies in necrotizing myopathies: myofiber atrophy and impairment of muscle regeneration in necrotizing autoimmune myopathies. Ann Neurol 81(4):538–548. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24902

Article  PubMed