Wang Y, Li S, Li C (2021) Clinical features, immunopathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies in vitiligo. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 61(3):299–323

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alkhateeb A et al (2003) Epidemiology of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases in Caucasian probands and their families. Pigment Cell Res 16(3):208–214

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Skov J et al (2020) Co-aggregation and heritability of organ-specific autoimmunity: a population-based twin study. Eur J Endocrinol 182(5):473–480

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peixoto P et al (2020) From 1957 to nowadays: a brief history of epigenetics. Int J Mol Sci. 21(20):7571

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Lu Q, Chang C (2020) Epigenetics in health and disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 1253:3–55

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gibson F et al (2022) Epigenetic dysregulation in autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 63(3):447–471

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nemeth K et al (2024) Non-coding RNAs in disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics. Nat Rev Genet 25(3):211–232

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friedman RC et al (2009) Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Res 19(1):92–105

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shi YL et al (2013) MicroRNA expression profiling identifies potential serum biomarkers for non-segmental vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 26(3):418–421

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mansuri MS et al (2014) MicroRNA profiling reveals differentially expressed microRNA signatures from the skin of patients with nonsegmental vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 171(5):1263–1267

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y et al (2015) Differential expression analysis of miRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with non-segmental vitiligo. J Dermatol 42(2):193–197

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cabili MN et al (2011) Integrative annotation of human large intergenic noncoding RNAs reveals global properties and specific subclasses. Genes Dev 25(18):1915–1927

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang Y et al (2013) A single-nucleotide polymorphism of miR-196a-2 and vitiligo: an association study and functional analysis in a Han Chinese population. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 26(3):338–347

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang W et al (2023) Identification of the role of autophagy-related TNFSF10/ hsa-let-7a-5p axis in vitiligo development and potential herbs exploring based on a bioinformatics analysis. Heliyon 9(12):e23220

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alhelf M et al (2022) Association between long noncoding RNA taurine-upregulated gene 1 and microRNA-377 in vitiligo. Int J Dermatol 61(2):199–207

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nie X et al (2024) FOXO3 induces TUG1-mediated miR-375/GATA3 signaling axis to promote the survival of melanocytes in vitiligo. Faseb j 38(21):e70145

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang J et al (2022) Differentially expressed circular RNAs and their therapeutic mechanism in non-segmental vitiligo patients treated with methylprednisolone. Front Med (Lausanne) 9:839066

PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’Mello SA et al (2016) Signaling pathways in melanogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 17(7):1144

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim KH et al (2014) Novel inhibitory function of miR-125b in melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 27(1):140–144

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang X et al (2022) Study on the mechanism of miR-125b-5p affecting melanocyte biological behavior and melanogenesis in vitiligo through regulation of MITF. Dis Markers 2022:6832680

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang J et al (2014) BMP4 is required for the initial expression of MITF in melanocyte precursor differentiation from embryonic stem cells. Exp Cell Res 320(1):54–61

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang C et al (2022) Peripheral blood of vitiligo patients-derived exosomal MiR-21-5p inhibits melanocytes melanogenesis via targeting SATB1. Iran J Public Health 51(12):2706–2716

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vaish U et al (2019) Micro RNAs upregulated in vitiligo skin play an important role in its aetiopathogenesis by altering TRP1 expression and keratinocyte-melanocytes cross-talk. Sci Rep 9(1):10079

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pang K et al (2022) LncRNA-mRNA co-expression network revealing the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in melanogenesis in vitiligo. J Hum Genet 67(5):247–252

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dong J et al (2024) Long non-coding RNA Mir17hg positively regulates melanogenesis by inhibiting TGFβ receptor 2 under psychological stress. J Invest Dermatol 144(2):358-368.e10

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang F et al (2024) Disorganisation of basement membrane zone architecture impairs melanocyte residence in vitiligo. J Pathol 264(1):30–41

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Zhang R-Z (2021) Mobilization of melanocytes during NB-UVB treatment of vitiligo. International Journal of Dermatology and Venereology 4(3):163–167

Google Scholar 

Tarlé RG et al (2015) Polymorphism of the E-cadherin gene CDH1 is associated with susceptibility to vitiligo. Exp Dermatol 24(4):300–302

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Su M et al (2019) miR-9 regulates melanocytes adhesion and migration during vitiligo repigmentation induced by UVB treatment. Exp Cell Res 384(1):111615

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Su M et al (2020) Role of the p53-TRPM1/miR-211-MMP9 axis in UVB-induced human melanocyte migration and its potential in repigmentation. Int J Mol Med 45(4):1017–1026

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abdallah HY et al (2022) Investigating melanogenesis-related microRNAs as disease biomarkers in vitiligo. Sci Rep 12(1):13526

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo H et al (2022) Differential expression of serum exosomal Hsa-miR-487b-3p in progressive vitiligo before and after systemic corticosteroid treatment. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 15:1377–1386

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patel S et al (2017) A holistic review on the autoimmune disease vitiligo with emphasis on the causal factors. Biomed Pharmacother 92:501–508

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y et al (2016) Downregulation of miR-3940-5p promotes T-cell activity by targeting the cytokine receptor IL-2R gamma on human cutaneous T-cell lines. Immunobiology 221(12):1378–1381

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shouse AN, LaPorte KM, Malek TR (2024) Interleukin-2 signaling in the regulation of T cell biology in autoimmunity and cancer. Immunity 57(3):414–428

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parihar AS et al (2020) Effect of narrowband ultraviolet B treatment on microRNA expression in active nonsegmental generalized vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 183(1):167–169

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shaker OG et al (2025) Role of miR-16, 146a, 19b and 720 gene expressions in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of vitiligo. Sci Rep 15(1):1031

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jia X et al (2016) MiR-16 regulates mouse peritoneal macrophage polarization and affects T-cell activation. J Cell Mol Med 20(10):1898–1907

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abdallah HY et al (2023) Expression signature of immune-related microRNAs in autoimmune skin disease: psoriasis and vitiligo insights. Mol Diagn Ther 27(3):405–423

CAS  PubMed