Smith TJ. Controversies surrounding IGF-I receptor involvement in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Thyroid. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2024.0606.
Tanda ML, Piantanida E, Liparulo L, et al. Prevalence and natural history of graves’ orbitopathy in a large series of patients with newly diagnosed graves’ hyperthyroidism seen at a single center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-3873.
Kahaly GJ, Grebe SKG, Lupo MA, et al. Graves’ disease: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges (multimedia activity). Am J Med. 2011;124:S2-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AMJMED.2011.03.001.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Garrity JA, Bahn RS. Pathogenesis of graves ophthalmopathy: implications for prediction, prevention, and treatment. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:147. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AJO.2006.02.047.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Bahn RS. Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:726–38. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0905750.Graves.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Cockerham KP, Padnick-Silver L, Stuertz N, et al. Quality of life in patients with chronic thyroid eye disease in the United States. Ophthalmol Ther. 2021;10:975–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40123-021-00385-8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ponto KA, Pitz S, Pfeiffer N, et al. Quality of life and occupational disability in endocrine orbitopathy. Deutsches Aerzteblatt. 2009. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2009.0283.
Ferløv-Schwensen C, Brix TH, Hegedüs L. Death by suicide in Graves’ disease and Graves’ orbitopathy: a nationwide Danish Register study. Thyroid. 2017;27:1475–80. https://doi.org/10.1089/THY.2017.0365.
Smith TJ, Hegedüs L, Lesser I, et al. How patients experience thyroid eye disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1283374. https://doi.org/10.3389/FENDO.2023.1283374/FULL.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wang Y, Padnick-Silver L, Francis-Sedlak M, et al. Inflammatory and noninflammatory thyroid eye disease: comparison of disease signs, symptoms, and quality of life in patients in the United States. Endocr Pract. 2022;28:842–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EPRAC.2022.06.003.
Rundle FF. Management of exophthalmos and related ocular changes in Graves’ disease. Metabolism. 1957;6:36–48.
Ugradar S, Rootman DB. Noninflammatory thyroid eye disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;35:461–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000001087.
Uddin JM, Rubinstein T, Hamed-Azzam S. Phenotypes of thyroid eye disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;34:S28-33.
Ugradar S, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Teprotumumab for non-inflammatory thyroid eye disease (TED): evidence for increased IGF-1R expression. Eye (Basingstoke). 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-020-01297-w.
Ugradar S, Douglas R. Comparison of acute and chronic thyroid eye disease: emergence of a molecular signature. Am Acad Ophthalmol. 2022.
Mourits MP, Koornneef L, Wiersinga WM, et al. Clinical criteria for the assessment of disease activity in Graves’ ophthalmopathy: a novel approach. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73:639–44. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.73.8.639.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Bartalena L, Kahaly GJ, Baldeschi L, et al. The 2021 European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves’ orbitopathy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021;185:G43-67. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-21-0479.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Werner SC. Modification of the classification of the eye changes of Graves’ disease: recommendations of the ad hoc committee of the American Thyroid Association. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977;44:203–4. https://doi.org/10.1210/JCEM-44-1-203.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Terwee CB, Dekker FW, Mourits MP, et al. Interpretation and validity of changes in scores on the Graves’ ophthalmopathy quality of life questionnaire (GO-QOL) after different treatments. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001;54:391–8. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1365-2265.2001.01241.X.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Terwee CB, Gerding MN, Dekker FW, et al. Development of a disease specific quality of life questionnaire for patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy: the GO-QOL. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:773–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJO.82.7.773.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Weetman AP, Cohen S, Gatter KC, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of the retrobulbar tissues in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Clin Exp Immunol. 1989;75:222–7.
PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Van Steensel L, Paridaens D, Van Meurs M, et al. Orbit-infiltrating mast cells, monocytes, and macrophages produce PDGF isoforms that orchestrate orbital fibroblast activation in graves’ ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2697.
Douglas RS, Afifiyan NF, Hwang CJ, et al. Increased generation of fibrocytes in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:430–8. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1614.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Douglas RS, Gianoukakis AG, Kamat S, et al. Aberrant expression of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor by T cells from patients with Graves’ disease may carry functional consequences for disease pathogenesis. J Immunol. 2007;178:3281–7. https://doi.org/10.4049/JIMMUNOL.178.5.3281.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Douglas RS, Naik V, Hwang CJ, et al. B cells from patients with Graves’ disease aberrantly express the IGF-1 receptor: implications for disease pathogenesis. J Immunol. 2008. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5768.
Li B, Smith TJ. Regulation of IL-1 receptor antagonist by TSH in fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:E625–33. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-3977.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Raychaudhuri N, Fernando R, Smith TJ. Thyrotropin regulates IL-6 expression in CD34+ fibrocytes: clear delineation of its cAMP-independent actions. PLoS ONE. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075100.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lu Y, Atkins SJ, Fernando R, et al. CD34: orbital fibroblasts from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy modulate TNF-α expression in CD34 + fibroblasts and fibrocytes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59:2615–22. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-23951.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Hong KM, Belperio JA, Keane MP, et al. Differentiation of human circulating fibrocytes as mediated by transforming growth factor-β and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. J Biol Chem. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M703597200.
Furmaniak J, Sanders J, Young S, et al. In vivo effects of a human thyroid-stimulating monoclonal autoantibody (M22) and a human thyroid-blocking autoantibody (K1–70). Auto Immun Highlights. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13317-011-0025-9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bothun ED, Scheurer RA, Harrison AR, et al. Update on thyroid eye disease and management. Clin Ophthalmol. 2009;3:543–51.
Comments (0)