Al-Kire, R., Pasek, M., Tsang, J.-A., Leman, J., & Rowatt, W. (2022). Protecting America’s borders: Christian nationalism, threat, and attitudes toward immigrants in the United States. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 25(2), 354–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220978291

Article  Google Scholar 

An, C. H., West, A. D., Sandage, S. J., & Bell, C. A. (2019). Relational spirituality, mature alterity, and spiritual service among ministry leaders: An empirical study. Pastoral Psychology, 68(2), 127–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-018-0846-9

Article  Google Scholar 

Bader, C. D., Froese, P., Johnson, B., Mencken, F. C., & Stark, R. (2019). Baylor Religion Survey, Wave II (2007) . The Association of Religion Data Archives. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/43TPY 

Bakk, Z., & Kuha, J. (2018). Two-step estimation of models between latent classes and external variables. Psychometrika, 83(4), 871–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-017-9592-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bell, C. A., Sandage, S. J., Morgan, T. D., & Hauge, D. J. (2017). Relational spirituality, humility, and commitments to social justice and intercultural competence. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 36(3), 210–222.

Google Scholar 

Bopp, M., Baruth, M., Peterson, J. A., & Webb, B. L. (2013). Leading their flocks to health? Clergy health and the role of clergy in faith-based health promotion interventions. Family & Community Health, 36(3), Article 182. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0b013e31828e671c

Brugge, D. (2021). Pulling up the ladder. Political Research Associates. https://politicalresearch.org/2021/03/29/pulling-ladder Accessed: 4/28/2025

Chaves, M., Holleman, A., & Roso, J. (2025). Clergy in America. Duke University. https://www.nationalsurveyreligiousleaders.org/publications/overviews Accessed: 4/28/2025

Chen, Z. J., & Streib, H. (2025). What makes people change their faith style, and with what consequences? Results of longitudinal analysis with faith development interviews. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality.

Clark, S. L., & Muthén, B. (2009). Relating latent class analysis results to variables not included in the analysis. https://www.statmodel.com/download/relatinglca.pdf Accessed: 4/28/2025

Cline, S. (2024, June 20). Louisiana’s public classrooms now have to display the Ten Commandments | AP News. https://apnews.com/article/louisiana-ten-commandments-displayed-classrooms-571a2447906f7bbd5a166d53db005a62 Accessed: 4/28/2025

Dahab, R., & Omori, M. (2019). Homegrown foreigners: How Christian nationalism and nativist attitudes impact Muslim civil liberties. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(10), 1727–1746. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1506142

Article  Google Scholar 

Davis, J. T., & Perry, S. L. (2021). White Christian nationalism and relative political tolerance for racists. Social Problems, 68(3), 513–534. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spaa002

Article  Google Scholar 

Davis, N. T. (2023). The psychometric properties of the Christian Nationalism Scale. Politics and Religion, 16(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048322000256

Article  Google Scholar 

de Oliveira Maraldi, E. (2020). Response bias in research on religion, spirituality and mental health: A critical review of the literature and methodological recommendations. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(2), 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0639-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Zavala, A. G. (2021). Why is populism so robustly associated with conspiratorial thinking? Collective narcissism and the meaning maintenance model. In J. D. Sinnott & J. S. Rabin (Eds.), The psychology of political behavior in a time of change (pp. 277–290). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38270-4_1

Dennen, J., & Djupe, P. A. (2023). Are Christian nationalists antisemitic and why? Social Science Quarterly, 104(3), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13248

Article  Google Scholar 

DeRose, J. (2023, May 16). The importance of religion in the lives of Americans is shrinking. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2023/05/16/1176206568/less-important-religion-in-lives-of-americans-shrinking-reportAccessed: 4/28/25

Djupe, P. A., & Walker, B. (2025). Jesus and John Wayne wannabes: How Christian nationalism and femininity shape extreme politics among men in the US. Sociology of Religion, srae045. https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srae045

Edwards, K. L., & Oyakawa, M. (2022). Smart suits, tattered boots: Black ministers mobilizing the Black church in the twenty-first century. NYU Press.

Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Wilt, J. A., Grubbs, J. B., & Yali, A. M. (2023). The RSS-14: Development and preliminary validation of a 14-item form of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 15(4), 592–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000472

Article  Google Scholar 

Froese, P. (2020). Baylor Religion Survey, Wave V (2017) . The Association of Religion Data Archives. https://doi.org/ 10.17605/OSF.IO/S5YNU

Gabbatt, A. (2025). Trump has put Christian nationalists in key roles – Say a prayer for free speech. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/apr/16/christian-nationalists-trump-administration Accessed: 4/28/25

Gallup. (2021). U.S. church membership falls below majority for first time. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/341963/church-membership-falls-below-majority-first-time.aspx Accessed: 4/28/25

Gallup. (2024). Church attendance has declined in most u.s. religious groups. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/642548/church-attendance-declined-religious-groups.aspx Accessed: 4/28/25

Geys, B., Heggedal, T.-R., & Sørensen, R. J. (2022). Age and vote choice: Is there a conservative shift among older voters? Electoral Studies, 78, Article 102485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2022.102485

Gorski, P. S., & Perry, S. L. (2022). The flag and the cross: White Christian nationalism and the threat to American democracy. Oxford University Press.

Grimm, K. J., Houpt, R., & Rodgers, D. (2021). Model fit and comparison in finite mixture models: A review and a novel approach. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.613645

Gulliford, L., & Roberts, R. C. (2018). Exploring the “unity” of the virtues: The case of an allocentric quintet. Theory & Psychology, 28(2), 208–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354317751666

Hall, T. W., & Edwards, K. J. (2002). The Spiritual Assessment Inventory: A theistic model and measure for assessing spiritual development. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2), 341–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.00121

Article  Google Scholar 

Harris, K. A., Howell, D. S., & Spurgeon, D. W. (2018). Faith concepts in psychology: Three 30-year definitional content analyses. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 10(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000134

Article  Google Scholar 

Hayward, R. D., & Krause, N. (2013). Patterns of change in religious service attendance across the life course: Evidence from a 34-year longitudinal study. Social Science Research, 42(6), 1480–1489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.06.010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hogg, M. A., & Adelman, J. (2013). Uncertainty–identity theory: Extreme groups, radical behavior, and authoritarian leadership. Journal of Social Issues, 69(3), 436–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12023

Article  Google Scholar 

Hogg, M. A., Adelman, J. R., & Blagg, R. D. (2010). Religion in the face of uncertainty: An uncertainty-identity theory account of religiousness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309349692

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jankowski, P. J., Murphy, S., Johnson, J., Sandage, S. J., Wang, D. C., & Tomlinson, J. (2022a). The influence of experiential avoidance, humility and patience on the association between religious/spiritual exploration and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(5), 2137–2156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00488-w

Article  Google Scholar 

Jankowski, P. J., Sandage, S. J., Bell, C. A., Ruffing, E. G., & Adams, C. (2019). humility, relational spirituality, and well-being among religious leaders: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(1), 132–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0580-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jankowski, P. J., Sandage, S. J., Hauge, D. J., Hee An, C., & Wang, D. C. (2022b). Longitudinal associations for right-wing authoritarianism, social justice, and compassion among seminary students. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 44(3), 202–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/00846724221125277

Article  Google Scholar 

Jankowski, P. J., Sandage, S. J., Wang, D. C., & Hill, P. (2022c). Relational spirituality profiles and flourishing among emerging religious leaders. Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(5), 665–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1913637

Article  Google Scholar 

Jankowski, P. J., Sandage, S. J., Wang, D. C., Zyphur, M. J., Crabtree, S. A., & Choe, E. J. (2024). Longitudinal processes among humility, social justice activism, transcendence, and well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1332640

Kim, S., Wang, D. C., Gin, D. H. C., Deasy, J. A., & Sandage, S. (2025). Contrasting experiences: Gender disparities in spirituality, character strengths, mental health, and social justice among next-generation religious leaders. Review of Religious Research, Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673X251336459

Article  Google Scholar 

Kunzelman, M. (2021, May 28). Lawsuit: Only Christians could apply for jail chaplain job. NBC4 Washington. https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/prince-georges-county/lawsuit-only-christians-could-apply-for-jail-chaplain-job/2685477/ Accessed: 4/28/25

Li, R., & Froese, P. (2023). The duality of American Christian nationalism: Religious traditionalism versus Christian statism. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 62(4), 770–801. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12868

Article  Google Scholar 

Lowe, G. B., Wang, D. C., & Chin, E. G. (2022). Experiential avoidance mediates the relationship between prayer type and mental health before and through the COVID-19 pandemic. Religions, 13(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13070652

Luscombe, R. (2024). Satanists to volunteer in Florida schools in protest at DeSantis religious bill. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/08/florida-satanic-temple-ron-desantis Accessed: 4/28/25

Lyons, B., Montgomery, J., & Reifler, J. (2023). Partisanship and older Americans’ engagement with dubious political news. OSF. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/etb89

Mabmud, S. (2010). Cohort design. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of research design. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412961288

Manganelli Rattazzi, A. M., Bobbio, A., & Canova, L. (2007). A short version of the Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(5), 1223–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.013

Article  Google Scholar 

Masyn, K. E. (2013). Latent class analysis and finite mixture modeling. In T. D. Little (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods in psychology: Vol. 2: Statistical analysis (p. 0). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199934898.013.0025

Mervosh, S., & Dias, E. (2024). Oklahoma’s state superintendent requires public schools to teach the Bible. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/27/us/oklahoma-public-schools-bible.html Accessed: 4/28/25

Mitchell, T. (2019). In U.S., decline of Christianity continues at rapid pace. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2019/10/17/in-u-s-decline-of-christianity-continues-at-rapid-pace/ Accessed: 4/28/25

Moskalenko, S., Pavlović, T., & Burton, B. (2023). QAnon beliefs, political radicalization and support for January 6th insurrection: A gendered perspective. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36, 962–981. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2236230

Article  Google Scholar 

Mullen, B., Brown, R., & Smith, C. (1992). Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration. Eropean Journal of Social Psychology, 22(2), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420220202

Article  Google Scholar 

Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. (1998–2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). https://www.statmodel.com/download/usersguide/MplusUserGuideVer_8.pdf Accessed: 4/28/25

Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. (2024). Mplus (Version 8.11) [Computer software]. Muthén & Muthén.https://www.statmodel.com/index.shtml

Nylund-Gibson, K., & Choi, A. Y. (2018). Ten frequently asked questions about latent class analysis. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 4(4), 440–461. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000176

Article  Google Scholar 

Olson, L. R. (2009). Clergy and American politics. In J. L. Guth, L. A. Kellstedt, & C. E. Smidt (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of religion and American Politics (p. 0). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195326529.003.0013

Osborne, D., Costello, T. H., Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2023). The psychological causes and societal consequences of authoritarianism. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2(4), 220–232. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-023-00161-4

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central