Woolhandler S, Campbell T, Himmelstein DU. Costs of Health Care Administration in the United States and Canada. N Engl J Med 2003;349(8):768–75.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; National Academy of Medicine; Committee on Systems Approaches to Improve Patient Care by Supporting Clinician Well-Being. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being [Internet]. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2019 [cited 2025 Jul 15]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK552618/

Chisholm CD, Weaver CS, Whenmouth L, Giles B. A Task Analysis of Emergency Physician Activities in Academic and Community Settings. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;58(2):117–22.

Hill RG, Sears LM, Melanson SW. 4000 Clicks: a productivity analysis of electronic medical records in a community hospital ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31(11):1591–4.

Tipping MD, Forth VE, Magill DB, Englert K, Williams MV. Systematic review of time studies evaluating physicians in the hospital setting. J Hosp Med. 2010;5(6):353–9.

Block L, Habicht R, Wu AW, Desai SV, Wang K, Silva KN, et al. In the Wake of the 2003 and 2011 Duty Hours Regulations, How Do Internal Medicine Interns Spend Their Time? J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(8):1042–7.

Mamykina L, Vawdrey DK, Hripcsak G. How Do Residents Spend Their Shift Time? A Time and Motion Study With a Particular Focus on the Use of Computers. Acad Med. 2016;91(6):827–32.

Wenger N, Méan M, Castioni J, Marques-Vidal P, Waeber G, Garnier A. Allocation of Internal Medicine Resident Time in a Swiss Hospital: A Time and Motion Study of Day and Evening Shifts. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(8):579–86.

Czernik Z, Yu A, Pell J, Feinbloom D, Jones CD. Hospitalist Perceptions of Electronic Health Records: a Multi-site Survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37(1):269–71.

Ofri D. Empathy in the age of the electronic medical record. Lancet. 2019;394(10201):822–3.

Toll E. The Cost of Technology. JAMA. 2012;307(23):2497–8.

Clynch N, Kellett J. Medical documentation: Part of the solution, or part of the problem? A narrative review of the literature on the time spent on and value of medical documentation. Int J Med Inform. 2015;84(4):221–8.

Rowlands S, Tariq A, Coverdale S, Walker S, Wood M. A qualitative investigation into clinical documentation: why do clinicians document the way they do?. Health Inf Manag. 2022;51(3):126–34.

Baungaard N, Skovvang PL, Hvidt EA, Gerbild H, Andersen MK, Lykkegaard J. How defensive medicine is defined in European medical literature: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2022 Jan 1;12(1):e057169.

Garattini L, Padula A, Mannucci PM. Defensive medicine: Everything and its opposite. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2020 Apr 1;74:117–8.

Agarwal SD, Pabo E, Rozenblum R, Sherritt KM. Professional Dissonance and Burnout in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2020 Mar 1;180(3):395–401.

Shanafelt TD, Dyrbye LN, Sinsky C, Hasan O, Satele D, Sloan J, et al. Relationship Between Clerical Burden and Characteristics of the Electronic Environment With Physician Burnout and Professional Satisfaction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(7):836–48.

DiGiorgio AM, Ehrenfeld JM, Miller BJ. Improving Health Care Quality Measurement to Combat Clinician Burnout. JAMA. 2023;330(12):1135–6.

del Carmen MG, Herman J, Rao S, Hidrue MK, Ting D, Lehrhoff SR, et al. Trends and Factors Associated With Physician Burnout at a Multispecialty Academic Faculty Practice Organization. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(3):e190554.

Lee AV, Moriarty JP, Borgstrom C, Horwitz LI. What can we learn from patient dissatisfaction? Analysis of dissatisfying events at an academic medical center. J Hosp Med. 2010;5(9):514–20.

Noseworthy J. The Future of Care — Preserving the Patient–Physician Relationship. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019 Dec 5;381(23):2265–9.

Mulberry Ward :: Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust [Internet]. [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://www.cwp.nhs.uk/our-services/east-cheshire/mulberry-ward

Darbellay Farhoumand P, Le Du S, Perrier A, Agoritsas T. [« More time for patients » : a reorganization of medical wards at the University Hospitals of Geneva]. Rev Med Suisse. 2018 Sep 5;14(617):1550–5.

Davidoff F, Batalden P, Stevens D, Ogrinc G, Mooney S. Publication guidelines for quality improvement in health care: evolution of the SQUIRE project. BMJ Quality & Safety. 2008 Oct 1;17(Suppl 1):i3–9.

Shah A. Using data for improvement. BMJ. 2019 Feb 15;364:l189.

Rohatgi N, Wei PH, Grujic O, Ahuja N. Surgical Comanagement by Hospitalists in Colorectal Surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2018;227(4):404-410.e5.

Shaw M, Pelecanos AM, Mudge AM. Evaluation of Internal Medicine Physician or Multidisciplinary Team Comanagement of Surgical Patients and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open. 2020 May 5;3(5):e204088.

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021 Mar 29;372:n71.

Dickersin K, Min YI. Publication bias: the problem that won’t go away. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 Dec 31;703:135–46; discussion 146–148.

Bramer WM, Giustini D, de Jonge GB, Holland L, Bekhuis T. De-duplication of database search results for systematic reviews in EndNote. J Med Libr Assoc. 2016 Jul;104(3):240–3.

Covidence systematic review software, Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia. Available at www.covidence.org.

Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O’Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019 Jul;95:103208.

Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009 Apr;42(2):377–81.

Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, Savović J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016 Oct 12;355:i4919.

Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019 Aug 28;366:l4898.

Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2014 Dec 19;14(1):135.

Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023) [Internet]. Cochrane. 2023. Available from: www.training.cochrane.org/handbook

Pouwels KB, Widyakusuma NN, Groenwold RHH, Hak E. Quality of reporting of confounding remained suboptimal after the STROBE guideline. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2016 Jan 1;69:217–24.

Fournier PL, Jobin MH, Lapointe L, Bahl L. Lean implementation in healthcare: offsetting Physicians’ resistance to change. Production Planning & Control. 2023 Apr 26;34(6):493–505.

Amarantou V, Kazakopoulou S, Chatzoudes D, Chatzoglou P. Resistance to change: an empirical investigation of its antecedents. Journal of Organizational Change Management. 2018 Jan 1;31(2):426–50.

Zulman DM, Haverfield MC, Shaw JG, Brown-Johnson CG, Schwartz R, Tierney AA, et al. Practices to Foster Physician Presence and Connection With Patients in the Clinical Encounter. JAMA. 2020 Jan 7;323(1):70–81.

Mandhana DM, Jacome CS, Ballard DI, Tesfai Y, Johnson SB, Gionfriddo MR, et al. Developing and validating the Unhurried Conversations Assessment Tool (UCAT). Patient Educ Couns. 2024 Jun;123:108237.

Victor Montori, Ian G. Hargraves, PhD, Maggie Breslin, MDes, Kevin Shaw, Lisdamys Morera, MD, Megan Branda, MSc, et al. Careful and Kind Care Requires Unhurried Conversations. Catalyst Carryover [Internet]. 2019 Oct 29 [cited 2024 Aug 12];5(5). Available from: https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.19.0696

Cane J, O’Connor D, Michie S. Validation of the theoretical domains framework for use in behaviour change and implementation research. Implementation Science. 2012 Apr 24;7(1):37.

French SD, Green SE, O’Connor DA, McKenzie JE, Francis JJ, Michie S, et al. Developing theory-informed behaviour change interventions to implement evidence into practice: a systematic approach using the Theoretical Domains Framework. Implementation Science. 2012 Apr 24;7(1):38.

Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, Kirsh SR, Alexander JA, Lowery JC. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implementation Science. 2009 Aug 7;4(1):50.

Atkins L, Francis J, Islam R, O’Connor D, Patey A, Ivers N, et al. A guide to using the Theoretical Domains Framework of behaviour change to investigate implementation problems. Implementation Science. 2017 Jun 21;12(1):77.

Presseau J, McCleary N, Lorencatto F, Patey AM, Grimshaw JM, Francis JJ. Action, actor, context, target, time (AACTT): a framework for specifying behaviour. Implement Sci. 2019;14(1):102.

Zuchowski M, Göller A. Speech recognition for medical documentation: an analysis of time, cost efficiency and acceptance in a clinical setting. British Journal of Healthcare Management. 2022 Jan 2;28(1):30–6.