Li D, Zhang J, Yao WZ, Zhang DL, Feng CC, He Q, Lv HH, Cao YP, Wang J, Qi Y, et al. The relationship between gastric cancer, its precancerous lesions and bile reflux: a retrospective study. J Dig Dis. 2020;21(4):222–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cao W, Tian W, Hong J, Li D, Tavares R, Noble L, Moss SF, Resnick MB. Expression of bile acid receptor TGR5 in gastric adenocarcinoma. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2013;304(4):G322–327.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hong J, Behar J, Wands J, Resnick M, Wang LJ, DeLellis RA, Lambeth D, Souza RF, Spechler SJ, Cao W. Role of a novel bile acid receptor TGR5 in the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Gut. 2010;59(2):170–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yu JH, Zheng JB, Qi J, Yang K, Wu YH, Wang K, Wang CB, Sun XJ. Bile acids promote gastric intestinal metaplasia by upregulating CDX2 and MUC2 expression via the FXR/NF-kappaB signalling pathway. Int J Oncol. 2019;54(3):879–92.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matsuhisa T, Arakawa T, Watanabe T, Tokutomi T, Sakurai K, Okamura S, Chono S, Kamada T, Sugiyama A, Fujimura Y, et al. Relation between bile acid reflux into the stomach and the risk of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia: a multicenter study of 2283 cases. Dig Endosc. 2013;25(5):519–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He Q, Liu L, Wei J, Jiang J, Rong Z, Chen X, Zhao J, Jiang K. Roles and action mechanisms of bile acid-induced gastric intestinal metaplasia: a review. Cell Death Discov. 2022;8(1):158.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nardone G, Compare D. The human gastric microbiota: is it time to rethink the pathogenesis of stomach diseases? United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2015;3(3):255–60.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu D, Zhang R, Chen S, Sun B, Zhang K. Analysis of gastric microbiome reveals three distinctive microbial communities associated with the occurrence of gastric cancer. BMC Microbiol. 2022;22(1):184.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu C, Ng SK, Ding Y, Lin Y, Liu W, Wong SH, Sung JJ, Yu J. Meta-analysis of mucosal microbiota reveals universal microbial signatures and dysbiosis in gastric carcinogenesis. Oncogene. 2022;41(28):3599–610.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schlemper RJ, Riddell RH, Kato Y, Borchard F, Cooper HS, Dawsey SM, Dixon MF, Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Fléjou JF, Geboes K, et al. The Vienna classification of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia. Gut. 2000;47(2):251–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schloss PD, Westcott SL, Ryabin T, Hall JR, Hartmann M, Hollister EB, Lesniewski RA, Oakley BB, Parks DH, Robinson CJ, et al. Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75(23):7537–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, Peplies J, Glockner FO. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(Database issue):D590–596.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cole JR, Wang Q, Cardenas E, Fish J, Chai B, Farris RJ, Kulam-Syed-Mohideen AS, McGarrell DM, Marsh T, Garrity GM, et al. The ribosomal database project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009;37(Database issue):D141–145.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Segata N, Izard J, Waldron L, Gevers D, Miropolsky L, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 2011;12(6):R60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He C, Peng C, Shu X, Wang H, Zhu Z, Ouyang Y, Yang X, Xie C, Hu Y, Li N, et al. Convergent dysbiosis of gastric mucosa and fluid microbiome during stomach carcinogenesis. Gastric Cancer. 2022;25(5):837–49.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun QH, Zhang J, Shi YY, Zhang J, Fu WW, Ding SG. Microbiome changes in the gastric mucosa and gastric juice in different histological stages of Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancers. World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28(3):365–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ozbey G, Sproston E, Hanafiah A. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric microbiota. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol. 2020;10(1):36–41.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu T, Lu T, Deng W, Yao D, He C, Luo P, Song J. Microbiome and function alterations in the gastric mucosa of asymptomatic patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2023:e12965.

Huang G, Wang S, Wang J, Tian L, Yu Y, Zuo X, Li Y. Bile reflux alters the profile of the gastric mucosa microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:940687.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang N, Xu J, Wang X, Chen N, Su L, Liu Y. The spatial Landscape of the Bacterial community and bile acids in the Digestive Tract of patients with bile reflux. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:835310.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Collins SL, Stine JG, Bisanz JE, Okafor CD, Patterson AD. Bile acids and the gut microbiota: metabolic interactions and impacts on disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(4):236–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bustos AY, Font de Valdez G, Fadda S, Taranto MP. New insights into bacterial bile resistance mechanisms: the role of bile salt hydrolase and its impact on human health. Food Res Int. 2018;112:250–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sannasiddappa TH, Lund PA, Clarke SR. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Unconjugated and conjugated bile salts on Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1581.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bik EM, Eckburg PB, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Purdom EA, Francois F, Perez-Perez G, Blaser MJ, Relman DA. Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(3):732–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Islam KB, Fukiya S, Hagio M, Fujii N, Ishizuka S, Ooka T, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Yokota A. Bile acid is a host factor that regulates the composition of the cecal microbiota in rats. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(5):1773–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tian Y, Gui W, Koo I, Smith PB, Allman EL, Nichols RG, Rimal B, Cai J, Liu Q, Patterson AD. The microbiome modulating activity of bile acids. Gut Microbes. 2020;11(4):979–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van den Bossche L, Hindryckx P, Devisscher L, Devriese S, Van Welden S, Holvoet T, Vilchez-Vargas R, Vital M, Pieper DH, Vanden Bussche J et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid and its taurine- or Glycine-conjugated species reduce colitogenic dysbiosis and equally suppress experimental colitis in mice. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017, 83(7).

Cabrera-Rubio R, Patterson AM, Cotter PD, Beraza N. Cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation promotes changes in the intestinal microbiome in mice. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):12324.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Tang R, Leung PSC, Gershwin ME, Ma X. Bile acids and intestinal microbiota in autoimmune cholestatic liver diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2017;16(9):885–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Best N, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Schaap FG, Basic M, Olde Damink SWM, Bleich A, Savelkoul PHM, von Bergen M, Penders J, Hornef MW. Bile acids drive the newborn’s gut microbiota maturation. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3692.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levy M, Blacher E, Elinav E. Microbiome, metabolites and host immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2017;35:8–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kurdi P, Kawanishi K, Mizutani K, Yokota A. Mechanism of growth inhibition by free bile acids in lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. J Bacteriol. 2006;188(5):1979–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Long SL, Gahan CGM, Joyce SA. Interactions between gut bacteria and bile in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med. 2017;56:54–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song Z, Cai Y, Lao X, Wang X, Lin X, Cui Y, Kalavagunta PK, Liao J, Jin L, Shang J, et al. Taxonomic profiling and populational patterns of bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) genes based on worldwide human gut microbiome. Microbiome. 2019;7(1):9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar