Patel SH, Poisson LM, Brat DJ, Zhou Y, Cooper L, Snuderl M, Thomas C, Franceschi AM, Griffith B, Flanders AE, Golfinos JG, Chi AS, Jain R (2017) T2–FLAIR mismatch, an imaging biomarker for IDH and 1p/19q status in Lower-grade gliomas: a TCGA/TCIA project. Clin Cancer Res 23:6078–6085. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-0560

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Broen MPG, Smits M, Wijnenga MMJ, Dubbink HJ, Anten M, Schijns O, Beckervordersandforth J, Postma AA, van den Bent MJ (2018) The T2-FLAIR mismatch sign as an imaging marker for non-enhancing IDH-mutant, 1p/19q-intact lower-grade glioma: a validation study. Neuro Oncol 20:1393–1399. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noy048

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Juratli TA, Tummala SS, Riedl A, Daubner D, Hennig S, Penson T, Zolal A, Thiede C, Schackert G, Krex D, Miller JJ, Cahill DP (2019) Radiographic assessment of contrast enhancement and T2/FLAIR mismatch sign in lower grade gliomas: correlation with molecular groups. J Neurooncol 141:327–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-018-03034-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Corell A, Ferreyra Vega S, Hoefling N, Carstam L, Smits A, Olsson Bontell T, Björkman-Burtscher IM, Carén H, Jakola AS (2020) The clinical significance of the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign in grade II and III gliomas: a population-based study. BMC Cancer 20:450. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-020-06951-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Deguchi S, Oishi T, Mitsuya K, Kakuda Y, Endo M, Sugino T, Hayashi N (2020) Clinicopathological analysis of T2-FLAIR mismatch sign in lower-grade gliomas. Sci Rep 10:10113. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67244-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jain R, Johnson DR, Patel SH, Castillo M, Smits M, van den Bent MJ, Chi AS, Cahill DP (2020) Real world use of a highly reliable imaging sign: T2-FLAIR mismatch for identification of IDH mutant astrocytomas. Neurooncology 22:936–943. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa041

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kinoshita M, Arita H, Takahashi M, Uda T, Fukai J, Ishibashi K, Kijima N, Hirayama R, Sakai M, Arisawa A, Takahashi H, Nakanishi K, Kagawa N, Ichimura K, Kanemura Y, Narita Y, Kishima H (2021) Impact of Inversion Time for FLAIR Acquisition on the T2-FLAIR mismatch detectability for IDH-Mutant, Non-CODEL astrocytomas. Front Oncol 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.596448

van Garderen KA, Vallentgoed WR, Lavrova A, Niers JM, de Leng WWJ, Hoogstrate Y, de Heer I, Ylstra B, van Dijk E, Klein S, Draaisma K, Robe PAJT, Verhaak RGW, Westerman BA, French PJ, van den Bent MJ, Kouwenhoven MCM, Kros JM, Wesseling P, Smits M (2023) Longitudinal characteristics of T2-FLAIR mismatch in IDH-mutant astrocytomas: relation to grade, histopathology, and overall survival in the GLASS-NL cohort. Neuro-Oncology Adv 5:vdad149. https://doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdad149

Article  Google Scholar 

Cho NS, Sanvito F, Le VL, Oshima S, Teraishi A, Yao J, Telesca D, Raymond C, Pope WB, Nghiemphu PL, Lai A, Cloughesy TF, Salamon N, Ellingson BM (2024) Quantification of T2-FLAIR mismatch in nonenhancing diffuse gliomas using Digital Subtraction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 45:188–197. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8094

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miller JJ, Gonzalez Castro LN, McBrayer S, Weller M, Cloughesy T, Portnow J, Andronesi O, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Baumert BG, Berger MS, Bi WL, Bindra R, Cahill DP, Chang SM, Costello JF, Horbinski C, Huang RY, Jenkins RB, Ligon KL, Mellinghoff IK, Nabors LB, Platten M, Reardon DA, Shi DD, Schiff D, Wick W, Yan H, von Deimling A, van den Bent M, Kaelin WG, Wen PY (2023) Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas: a Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) consensus review on diagnosis, management, and future directions. Neurooncology 25:4–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac207

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mellinghoff IK, van den Bent MJ, Blumenthal DT, Touat M, Peters KB, Clarke J, Mendez J, Yust-Katz S, Welsh L, Mason WP, Ducray F, Umemura Y, Nabors B, Holdhoff M, Hottinger AF, Arakawa Y, Sepulveda JM, Wick W, Soffietti R, Perry JR, Giglio P, de la Fuente M, Maher EA, Schoenfeld S, Zhao D, Pandya SS, Steelman L, Hassan I, Wen PY, Cloughesy TF (2023) Vorasidenib in IDH1- or IDH2-Mutant low-Grade Glioma. N Engl J Med 389:589–601. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2304194

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lasocki A, Buckland ME, Drummond KJ, Wei H, Xie J, Christie M, Neal A, Gaillard F (2022) Conventional MRI features can predict the molecular subtype of adult grade 2–3 intracranial diffuse gliomas. Neuroradiology 64:2295–2305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-022-02975-0

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li M, Ren X, Chen X, Wang J, Shen S, Jiang H, Yang C, Zhao X, Zhu Q, Cui Y, Lin S (2022) Combining hyperintense FLAIR rim and radiological features in identifying IDH mutant 1p/19q non-codeleted lower-grade glioma. Eur Radiol 32:3869–3879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-021-08500-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee MK, Park JE, Jo Y, Park SY, Kim SJ, Kim HS (2020) Advanced imaging parameters improve the prediction of diffuse lower-grade gliomas subtype, IDH mutant with no 1p19q codeletion: added value to the T2/FLAIR mismatch sign. Eur Radiol 30:844–854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06395-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leu K, Ott GA, Lai A, Nghiemphu PL, Pope WB, Yong WH, Liau LM, Cloughesy TF, Ellingson BM (2017) Perfusion and diffusion MRI signatures in histologic and genetic subtypes of WHO grade II–III diffuse gliomas. J Neurooncol 134:177–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-017-2506-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thust SC, Hassanein S, Bisdas S, Rees JH, Hyare H, Maynard JA, Brandner S, Tur C, Jäger HR, Yousry TA, Mancini L (2018) Apparent diffusion coefficient for molecular subtyping of non-gadolinium-enhancing WHO grade II/III glioma: volumetric segmentation versus two-dimensional region of interest analysis. Eur Radiol 28:3779–3788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5351-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ellingson BM, Malkin MG, Rand SD, Connelly JM, Quinsey C, LaViolette PS, Bedekar DP, Schmainda KM (2010) Validation of functional diffusion maps (fDMs) as a biomarker for human glioma cellularity. J Magn Reson Imaging 31:538–548. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.22068

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Foltyn M, Nieto Taborda KN, Neuberger U, Brugnara G, Reinhardt A, Stichel D, Heiland S, Herold-Mende C, Unterberg A, Debus J, Deimling Av, Wick W, Bendszus M, Kickingereder P (2020) T2/FLAIR-mismatch sign for noninvasive detection of IDH-mutant 1p/19q non-codeleted gliomas: validity and pathophysiology. Neuro-Oncology Adv 2:vdaa004. https://doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdaa004

Article  Google Scholar 

Calabrese E, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Rudie JD, Rauschecker AM, Baid U, Bakas S, Cha S, Mongan JT, Hess CP (2022) The University of California San Francisco Preoperative Diffuse Glioma MRI Dataset. Radiol Artif Intell 4:e220058. https://doi.org/10.1148/ryai.220058

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, Hawkins C, Ng HK, Pfister SM, Reifenberger G, Soffietti R, von Deimling A, Ellison DW (2021) The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol 23:1231–1251. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab106

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kline CN, Joseph NM, Grenert JP, van Ziffle J, Talevich E, Onodera C, Aboian M, Cha S, Raleigh DR, Braunstein S, Torkildson J, Samuel D, Bloomer M, Campomanes AGA, Banerjee A, Butowski N, Raffel C, Tihan T, Bollen AW, Phillips JJ, Korn WM, Yeh I, Bastian BC, Gupta N, Mueller S, Perry A, Nicolaides T, Solomon DA (2017) Targeted next-generation sequencing of pediatric neuro-oncology patients improves diagnosis, identifies pathogenic germline mutations, and directs targeted therapy. Neurooncology 19:699–709. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/now254

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lai A, Kharbanda S, Pope WB, Tran A, Solis OE, Peale F, Forrest WF, Pujara K, Carrillo JA, Pandita A, Ellingson BM, Bowers CW, Soriano RH, Schmidt NO, Mohan S, Yong WH, Seshagiri S, Modrusan Z, Jiang Z, Aldape KD, Mischel PS, Liau LM, Escovedo CJ, Chen W, Nghiemphu PL, James CD, Prados MD, Westphal M, Lamszus K, Cloughesy T, Phillips HS (2011) Evidence for sequenced molecular evolution of IDH1 mutant glioblastoma from a distinct cell of origin. J Clin Oncol 29:4482–4490. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.33.8715

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fischl B (2012) FreeSurfer Neuroimage 62:774–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021

Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Woolrich MW, Beckmann CF, Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H, Bannister PR, De Luca M, Drobnjak I, Flitney DE, Niazy RK, Saunders J, Vickers J, Zhang Y, De Stefano N, Brady JM, Matthews PM (2004) Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage 23(Suppl 1):S208–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Isensee F, Schell M, Pflueger I, Brugnara G, Bonekamp D, Neuberger U, Wick A, Schlemmer HP, Heiland S, Wick W, Bendszus M, Maier-Hein KH, Kickingereder P (2019) Automated brain extraction of multisequence MRI using artificial neural networks. Hum Brain Mapp 40:4952–4964. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24750

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cho NS, Hagiwara A, Sanvito F, Ellingson BM (2023) A multi-reader comparison of normal-appearing white matter normalization techniques for perfusion and diffusion MRI in brain tumors. Neuroradiology 65:559–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-022-03072-y