Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, et al. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM–5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol Assess. 2018;30:383.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foa EB, Dancu CV, Hembree EA, Jaycox LH, Meadows EA, Street GP. A comparison of exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder in female assault victims. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;67:194–200.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Foa EB, McLean CP, Capaldi S, Rosenfield D. Prolonged exposure vs supportive counseling for sexual abuse–related PTSD in adolescent girls: A randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2013;310:2650–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Monson CM, Schnurr PP, Resick PA, Friedman MJ, Young-Xu Y, Stevens SP. Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74:898–907.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Resick PA, Schnicke MK. Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;60:748–56.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Resick PA, Nishith P, Weaver TL, Astin MC, Feuer CA. A Comparison of Cognitive-Processing Therapy With Prolonged Exposure and a Waiting Condition for the Treatment of Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Female Rape Victims. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:867–79.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brewin CR, Holmes EA. Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2003;23:339–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brewin CR, Dalgleish T, Joseph S. A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Rev. 1996;103:670.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Foa EB, Hembree EA, Rothbaum BO. Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: emotional processing of traumatic experiences: therapist guide. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007.

Book  Google Scholar 

Bedard-Gilligan M, Zoellner LA, Feeny NC. Is Trauma Memory Special? Trauma Narrative Fragmentation in PTSD: Effects of Treatment and Response. Clin Psychol Sci. 2017;5:212–25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brewin CR. Autobiographical memory for trauma: Update on four controversies. Memory. 2007;15:227–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peace KA, Porter S, ten Brinke L. Are memories for sexually traumatic events “special”? A within-subjects investigation of trauma and memory in a clinical sample. Memory. 2008;16:10–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Engelhard IM, McNally RJ, van Schie K. Retrieving and Modifying Traumatic Memories: Recent Research Relevant to Three Controversies. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2019;28:91–96.

Article  Google Scholar 

Perl O, Duek O, Kulkarni KR, Gordon C, Krystal JH, Levy I, et al. Neural patterns differentiate traumatic from sad autobiographical memories in PTSD. Nat Neurosci. 2023;26:2226–36.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rothbaum BO, Davis M. Applying learning principles to the treatment of post-trauma reactions. Ann N. Y Acad Sci. 2003;1008:112–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foa EB, Kozak MJ. Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychol Bull. 1986;99:20–35.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Craske MG, Kircanski K, Zelikowsky M, Mystkowski J, Chowdhury N, Baker A. Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy. Behav Res Ther. 2008;46:5–27.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craske MG, Hermans D, Vervliet B. State-of-the-art and future directions for extinction as a translational model for fear and anxiety. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2018;373:20170025.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dunsmoor JE, Cisler JM, Fonzo GA, Creech SK, Nemeroff CB. Laboratory models of post-traumatic stress disorder: The elusive bridge to translation. Neuron. 2022; 110:1754–76.

Dunsmoor JE, Niv Y, Daw N, Phelps EA. Rethinking extinction. Neuron. 2015;88:47–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Myers KM, Davis M. Mechanisms of fear extinction. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12:120–50.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Foa EB, Rothbaum BO, Riggs DS, Murdock TB. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: a comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;59:715–23.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pittig A, Heinig I, Goerigk S, Thiel F, Hummel K, Scholl L, et al. Efficacy of temporally intensified exposure for anxiety disorders: A multicenter randomized clinical trial. Depress Anxiety. 2021;38:1169–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pittig A, Heinig I, Goerigk S, Richter J, Hollandt M, Lueken U, et al. Change of Threat Expectancy as Mechanism of Exposure-Based Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorders: Evidence From 8,484 Exposure Exercises of 605 Patients. Clin Psychol Sci. 2023;11:199–217.

Article  Google Scholar 

Craske MG, Treanor M, Conway C, Zbozinek T, Vervliet B. Maximizing Exposure Therapy: An Inhibitory Learning Approach. Behav Res Ther. 2014;58:10–23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ressler KJ, Rothbaum BO, Tannenbaum L, Anderson P, Graap K, Zimand E, et al. Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:1136–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ressler KJ, Berretta S, Bolshakov VY, Rosso IM, Meloni EG, Rauch SL, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder: clinical and translational neuroscience from cells to circuits. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18:273–88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fenster RJ, Lebois LAM, Ressler KJ, Suh J. Brain circuit dysfunction in post-traumatic stress disorder: from mouse to man. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018;19:535–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cisler JM, Dunsmoor JE, Fonzo GA, Nemeroff CB. Latent-state and model-based learning in PTSD. Trends Neurosci. 2024;47:150–62.

Orr SP, Pitman RK, Lasko NB, Herz LR. Psychophysiological assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in World War II and Korean combat veterans. J Abnorm Psychol. 1993;102:152–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pitman RK, Orr SP, Altman B, Longpre RE, Poiré RE, Macklin ML, et al. Emotional processing and outcome of imaginal flooding therapy in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1996;37:409–18.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pitman RK, Orr SP, Forgue DF, de Jong JB, Claiborn JM. Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:970–5.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pole N. The psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2007;133:725.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sartory G, Cwik J, Knuppertz H, Schürholt B, Lebens M, Seitz RJ, et al. In search of the trauma memory: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of symptom provocation in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PloS One. 2013;8:e58150.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hopper JW, Frewen PA, van der Kolk BA, Lanius RA. Neural correlates of reexperiencing, avoidance, and dissociation in PTSD: Symptom dimensions and emotion dysregulation in responses to script-driven trauma imagery. J Trauma Stress. 2007;20:713–25.

Article