Pentoxifylline in COVID-19 and considerations for its research in long COVID

Samlaska CP, Winfield EA. Pentoxifylline. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30(4):603–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(94)70069-9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Frampton JE, Brogden RN. Pentoxifylline (Oxpentifylline). Drugs Aging. 1995;7(6):480–503. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199507060-00007.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang M, et al. Therapeutic potentials of pentoxifylline for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2004;9(2):103.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ward A, Clissold SP. Pentoxifylline: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1987;34(1):50–97. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198734010-00003.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Effendi WI, et al. Focusing on adenosine receptors as a potential targeted therapy in human diseases. Cells. 2020;9(3):785. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9030785.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yuen KH, et al. Comparative bioavailability study of two controlled-release pentoxifylline tablet preparations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2000;26(7):803–7. https://doi.org/10.1081/DDC-100101303.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Aviado DM, Porter JM. Pentoxifylline: a new drug for the treatment of intermittent claudication mechanism of action pharmacokinetics clinical efficacy and adverse effects. Pharmacotherapy The J Human Pharmacol Drug Therapy. 1984;4(6):297–306.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Marques LJ, et al. Pentoxifylline inhibits TNF-α production from human alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(2):508–11. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9804085.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brie D, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on inflammatory markers and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2016;34(12):2318–29. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001086.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rasyid A, et al. Pentoxifylline in acute ischemic stroke patients with blood hyperviscosity. Int J Appl Pharma. 2018;10(1):307–10.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Van Furth A, et al. Effect of lisofylline and pentoxifylline on the bacterial-stimulated production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 by human leucocytes. Immunology. 1997;91(2):193–6. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00252.x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Broekhuizen M, et al. Pentoxifylline as a therapeutic option for pre-eclampsia: a study on its placental effects. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179(22):5074–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15931.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Seyit M, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio to predict the severity of COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;40:110–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.058.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zong X, et al. Thrombocytopenia is associated with COVID-19 severity and outcome: an updated meta-analysis of 5637 patients with multiple outcomes. Laboratory Med. 2021;52(1):10–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/labmed/lmaa067.

Article  Google Scholar 

Izcovich A, et al. Prognostic factors for severity and mortality in patients infected with COVID-19: A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(11):E0241955. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241955.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Violetis OA, et al. COVID-19 infection and haematological involvement: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology and prognosis of full blood count findings. SN Comprehensive Clinical Med. 2020;2(8):1089–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00380-3.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hulkoti VS, et al. Association of serum ferritin with COVID-19 in a cross-sectional study of 200 intensive care unit patients in a rural hospital: Is ferritin the forgotten biomarker of mortality in severe COVID-19? J Family Med Primary Care. 2022;11(5):2045–50. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1921_21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kurian SJ, et al. Association of serum ferritin with severity and clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients: An observational study in a tertiary healthcare facility. Clinical Epidemiol Global Health. 2023;21: 101295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101295.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Maldonado V, Loza-Mejia MA, Chavez-Alderete J. Repositioning of pentoxifylline as an immunomodulator and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system in the treatment of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144: 109988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109988.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Park SJ, Choi SH, Cho YD, Kim JY, Cho HJ, Kim KH, et al. Protective effects of pentoxifylline on T-cell viability under inflammatory conditions. Eur J Inflamm. 2022;20:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1721727X221120.

Article  Google Scholar 

d’Hellencourt CL, et al. Differential regulation of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFβ, and IL-10 by pentoxifylline. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1996;18(12):739–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0192-0561(97)85556-7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lai Z, et al. Visual analysis of hotspots and trends in long COVID research based on bibliometric. Heliyon. 2024;10(2): e24053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24053.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Azizi H, et al. Pentoxifylline effects on hospitalized patients with COVID19: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;101(Pt B): 108227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108227.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Eghbali A, et al. Evaluation of Pentoxifylline and Colchicine administration on clinical outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2023;25(1):497–508.

Google Scholar 

Maldonado V, et al. Pentoxifylline decreases serum LDH levels and increases lymphocyte count in COVID-19 patients: Results from an external pilot study. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;90: 107209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107209.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sarhan RM, et al. Pentoxifylline effects on hospitalized COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Pharmaceuticals. 2023;16(4):631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16040631.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Seirafianpour, F., et al., (2023). Efficacy and Safety of Oral Pentoxifylline in the Treatment and Recovery of Patients with Moderate to Severe COVID-19 Infection Treated with Routine Protocols: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Authorea Preprints https://doi.org/10.22541/au.168440425.54575375/v1

Chavarría AP, et al. Antioxidants and pentoxifylline as coadjuvant measures to standard therapy to improve prognosis of patients with pneumonia by COVID-19. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2021;19:1379–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.009.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jiménez-Luévano M, et al. Pilot study: management with pentoxifylline in patients with chronic liver disease and COVID-19. Ann Hepatol. 2022;27: 100838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100838.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wall GC, et al. Pentoxifylline or theophylline use in hospitalized COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen support. Clin Respir J. 2021;15(7):843–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.13363.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Çora AR, Celik E, Karadem KB. Aortic thrombosis in the course of Covid-19 disease; two rare cases. Annals Vascular Surg. 2021;73:118.e1-118.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2021.02.007.

Article 

Comments (0)

No login
gif