Tanner JM. Physical development. Br Med Bull. 1986;42:131–8.

Tanner JM. Human growth hormone. Nature. 1972;237:433–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bogin B. Patterns of human growth. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2020.

Parízková J. Nutrition, physical activity, and health in early life. 2nd ed. New York: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group; 2010.

Marotz LR. Health, safety, and nutrition for the young child, 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2012.

IMF. GDP, current prices. International Monetary Fund; 2024. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/IND. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

IMF. World Economic Outlook: navigating global divergences. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund; 2023. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

Nanda AR. Census of India 1991, final population totals: brief analysis of primary census abstract. New Delhi Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs, India; 1992. https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/33139. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

MIB. India 2017. 61st ed. New Delhi Additional Director General, Publications Division. Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India; 2017. https://mib.gov.in/. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

MWCD. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme. Delhi: Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India; 2017. https://wcd.nic.in/integrated-child-development-services-icds-scheme. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

MWCD. Annual Report 2022-23. Delhi: Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India; 2023. https://www.india.gov.in/annual-reports-ministry-women-and-child-development. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

Kapil U, Pradhan R. Integrated Child Development Services scheme (ICDS) and its impact on nutritional status of children in India and recent initiatives. Indian J Public Health. 1999;43:21–5.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

NHM. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram. Delhi: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India; 2011. https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1HYPERLINK “https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=3&sublinkid=842&lid=308”. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

NHM. Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A). Delhi: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India; 2013. https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=794&lid=168. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

NHM. India Newborn Action Plan. Delhi: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India; 2014. https://nhm.gov.in/index4.php?lang=“https://nhm.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=153&lid=174. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

von Grebmer K, Bernstein J, Wiemers M, Reiner L, Bachmeier M, Hanano A, et al. Global Hunger Index: the power of youth in shaping food systems. Bonn and Dublin: Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide; 2023. https://www.globalhungerindex.org/pdf/en/2023.pdf. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

UNICEF/WHO/WBG. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates: key findings of the 2023 edition. New York: UNICEF and WHO; 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240073791. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Malnutrition Collaborators. The burden of child and maternal malnutrition and trends in its indicators in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2017. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3:855–70.

Avula R, Nguyen PH, Tran LM, Kaur S, Bhatia N, Sarwal R, et al. Reducing childhood stunting in India: insights from four subnational success cases. Food Secur. 2022;14:1085–97. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12571-021-01252-x.

Nyati LH, Norris SA, Micklesfield LK, Adair LS, Fall C, Lee NR, et al. Growth in infancy and childhood and age at menarche in five low- or middle-income countries: Consortium of Health Orientated Research in Transitional Societies (COHORTS). J Nutr. 2023;153:2736–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.07.003.

Sudfeld CR, McCoy DC, Danaei G, Fink G, Ezzati M, Andrews KG, et al. Linear growth and child development in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e1266–75. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3111.

Taylor M, Tapkigen J, Ali I, Liu Q, Long Q, Nabwera H. The impact of growth monitoring and promotion on health indicators in children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;10:Cd014785. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014785.pub2.

Büttner N, Heemann M, De Neve J, Verguet S, Vollmer S, Harttgen K. Economic growth and childhood malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e2342654. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.42654.

Akombi BJ, Agho KE, Merom D, Renzaho AM, Hall JJ. Child malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis of demographic and health surveys (2006-2016). PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0177338. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177338.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

ICF. Survey Organization Manual for Demographic and Health Surveys. Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF International; 2012. https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-dhsm10-dhs-questionnaires-and-manuals.cfm. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

Chai J, Fink G, Kaaya S, Danaei G, Fawzi W, Ezzati M, et al. Association between intimate partner violence and poor child growth: results from 42 demographic and health surveys. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94:331–9.

Pérez-Mesa D, Marrero GA, Darias-Curvo S. Child health inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Econ Hum Biol. 2022;47:101176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101176.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed KT, Karimuzzaman M, Afroz S, Hossain MM, Huq SS, Abdulla F, et al. Trends and long-term variation explaining nutritional determinants of child linear growth: analysis of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys 1996-2018. Public Health Nutr. 2023;26:2758–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023002288.

Bekele T, Rawstorne P, Rahman B. Trends in child growth failure among children under five years of age in Ethiopia: evidence from the 2000 to 2016 Demographic and Health Surveys. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0254768. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254768.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roth DE, Krishna A, Leung M, Shi J, Bassani DG, Barros AJD. Early childhood linear growth faltering in low-income and middle-income countries as a whole-population condition: analysis of 179 Demographic and Health Surveys from 64 countries (1993-2015). Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e1249–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30418-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

UN. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2021. New York: UN; 2021. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021/. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

IIPS, ICF. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5): 2019-21 India. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS); 2021. https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-OF43-Other-Fact-Sheets.cfm. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

WHO. WHO Child Growth Standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development. Geneva: WHO Press; 2006. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/924154693X. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

WHO-MGRSG. WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2006;95:76–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x

Article  Google Scholar 

Varela-Silva MI, Dickinson F, Wilson H, Azcorra H, Griffiths PL, Bogin B. The nutritional dual-burden in developing countries-how is it assessed and what are the health implications? Coll Antropol. 2012;36:39–45.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sachdeva S, Dewan P, Shah D, Malhotra RK, Gupta P. Mid-upper arm circumference v. weight-for-height Z-score for predicting mortality in hospitalized children under 5 years of age. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19:2513–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016000719.

Mishra P, Pandey CM, Singh U, Gupta A, Sahu C, Keshri A. Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Ann Card Anaesth. 2019;22:67–72. https://journals.lww.com/aoca/fulltext/2019/22010/descriptive_statistics_and_normality_tests_for.11.aspx.

Forthofer RN, Lee ES, Hernandez M. 9—nonparametric tests. In: Forthofer RN, Lee ES, Hernandez M, editors. Biostatistics. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 2007. p. 249–68.

King AP, Eckersley RJ. Inferential Statistics III: nonparametric hypothesis testing. In: King AP, Eckersley RJ, editors. Statistics for biomedical engineers and scientists. Academic Press; 2019. p. 119–45.

Ramachandran KM, Tsokos CP. Nonparametric statistics. In: Ramachandran KM, Tsokos CP, editors. Mathematical statistics with applications in R. 3rd ed. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press; 2021. p. 491–530.

Jensen TJ, Zwiefelhofer T, Tim RC, Džakula Ž, Kim SK, Mazloom AR, et al. High-throughput massively parallel sequencing for fetal aneuploidy detection from maternal plasma. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e57381. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057381.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee S, Lee DK. What is the proper way to apply the multiple comparison test? Korean J Anesthesiol. 2018;71:353–60. https://doi.org/10.4097/kja.d.18.00242.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hack M, Klein NK, Taylor HG. Long-term developmental outcomes of low-birth-weight infants. Future Child. 1995;5:176–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li C, Zhu N, Zeng L, Dang S, Zhou J, Pei L, et al. Effect of maternal pre-pregnancy underweight and average gestational weight gain on physical growth and intellectual development of early school-aged children. Sci Rep. 2018;8:12014. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30514-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ghosh S. India: nutrition intake and economic growth, a causality analysis. Develop Stud Research. 2018;5:69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2018.1468791.

Article  Google Scholar 

Economic Survey 2022–2023. New Delhi: Government of India Ministry of Finance Department of Economic Affairs Economic Division; 2023.

World Development Indicators. World Bank database. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

Jose S. Economic growth, poverty and malnutrition in India. Ekon Yaklaşım. 2016;27:165–202. https://doi.org/10.5455/ey.35902.

Article  Google Scholar 

Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2000. New Delhi: Government of India Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare Directorate of Economics and Statistics; 2021. https://agriwelfare.gov.in/en/Agricultural_Statistics_at_a_Glance. Accessed 23 Dec 2024.

Monga S, Sidana BK. Performance of productivity of rice and wheat crops in India: a Malmquist total factor productivity analysis. Res Jr of Agril Sci. 2019;10:733–40.

Indiastagri. https://www.indiastatagri.com/table/agriculture/production-per-capita-availability-milk-india-1950/3858. Accessed 1 July 2024.

Golait R, Pradhan NC. Changing food consumption pattern in rural India: implication on food and nutrition security. Ind J of Agri Econ. 2006;61:374–88.

WHO child growth standards: head circumference-for-age, arm circumference-forage, triceps skinfold-for-age and subscapular skinfold-for-age: methods and development. Geneva: WHO Press; 2007. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241547185. Accessed 1 July 2024.

WHO child growth standards: growth velocity based on weight, length and head circumference: methods and development. Geneva: WHO Press; 2009. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241547635. Accessed 1 July 2024.

Bogin B, Hermanussen M, Scheffler C. As tall as my peers–similarity in body height between migrants and hosts. Anthropol Anz. 2018;74:365–76. https://doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2018/0828.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Houghton LC, Cooper GD, Booth M, Chowdhury OA, Troisi R, Ziegler RG, et al. Childhood environment influences adrenarcheal timing among first-generation Bangladeshi migrant girls to the UK. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e109200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109200.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rougeaux E, Miranda JJ, Fewtrell M, Wells JCK. Maternal internal migration and child growth and nutritional health in Peru: an analysis of the demographic and health surveys from1991 to 2017. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12452-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kundu RN, Gautam RK, Chatterjee A, Bharati P, Liczbińska G, Malina RM. Nutritional status of infants and young children in India across three decades: analysis of five National Family Health Surveys. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2024;78:591–606. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-024-01427-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaiha R, Jha R, Kulkarni VS. Child undernutrition in India. ASARC Working Paper 2010/11. Canberra: Australia South Asia Research Centre; 2010. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1734591.

Desai SB, Dubey A, Joshi BL, Sen M, Sharif A, Vanneman R. Human development in India: challenges for society in transition. New Delhi: Oxford University Press; 2010.

Mishra VK, Lahiri S, Luther NY. Child nutrition in India. National Family Health Survey Subject Reports. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences; 1999;14:1–39. https://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/17493. Accessed 1 July 2024.