Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J et al (2019) Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 48:16–31

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wall BT, Gorissen SH, Pennings B et al (2015) Aging is accompanied by a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion. PLoS ONE 10:e0140903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140903

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cuthbertson D, Smith K, Babraj J et al (2005) Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle. FASEB J 19:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1096/FJ.04-2640FJE

Article  Google Scholar 

Moore DR, Churchward-Venne TA, Witard O et al (2015) Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires Greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men. Journals Gerontology: Ser A 70:57–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/GERONA/GLU103

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang Y, Breen L, Burd NA et al (2012) Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men. Br J Nutr 108:1780–1788. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511007422

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shad BJ, Thompson JL, Breen L (2016) Does the muscle protein synthetic response to exercise and amino acid-based nutrition diminish with advancing age? A systematic review. Am J Physiology-Endocrinology Metabolism 311:E803–E817. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00213.2016

Article  Google Scholar 

Kouw IWK, Van Dijk JW, Horstman AMH et al (2019) Basal and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis Rates do not differ between lean and obese middle-aged men. J Nutr 149:1533–1542. https://doi.org/10.1093/JN/NXZ104

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Horstman AMH, Kouw IWK, Van Dijk JW et al (2019) The muscle protein synthetic response to whey protein ingestion is greater in middle-aged women compared with men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104:994–1004. https://doi.org/10.1210/JC.2018-01734

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cherin P, Voronska E, Fraoucene N, De Jaeger C (2014) Prevalence of sarcopenia among healthy ambulatory subjects: the sarcopenia begins from 45 years. Aging Clin Exp Res 26:137–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40520-013-0132-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ethgen O, Beaudart C, Buckinx F et al (2017) The future prevalence of sarcopenia in Europe: a claim for public health action. Calcif Tissue Int 100:229–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-016-0220-9

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Campbell WW, Trappe TA, Wolfe RR, Evans WJ (2001) The recommended dietary allowance for protein may not be adequate for older people to maintain skeletal muscle. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci 56:M373–M380. https://doi.org/10.1093/GERONA/56.6.M373

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T et al (2013) Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE study group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 14:542–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAMDA.2013.05.021

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khaing I-K, Tahara Y, Chimed-Ochir O et al (2024) Effect of breakfast protein intake on muscle mass and strength in adults: a scoping review. Nutr Rev. https://doi.org/10.1093/NUTRIT/NUAD167

Article  Google Scholar 

Johnson KO, Shannon OM, Matu J et al (2020) Differences in circulating appetite-related hormone concentrations between younger and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res 32:1233. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40520-019-01292-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holliday A, Warner J, Hulston CJ et al (2024) Anorexia of ageing is associated with elevated fasted and lower post-prandial ghrelin, independent of ghrelin O-acyltransferase. Appetite 196:107259. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPET.2024.107259

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fluitman KS, Hesp AC, Kaihatu RF et al (2021) Poor taste and smell are associated with poor appetite, macronutrient intake, and dietary quality but not with undernutrition in older adults. J Nutr 151:605–614. https://doi.org/10.1093/JN/NXAA400

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Clarkston WK, Pantano MM, Morley JE et al (1997) Evidence for the anorexia of aging: gastrointestinal transit and hunger in healthy elderly vs. young adults. Am J Physiol 272. https://doi.org/10.1152/AJPREGU.1997.272.1.R243

Verwijs MH, Haveman-Nies A, Borkent JW et al (2022) Protein intake among community-dwelling older adults: the influence of (pre-)motivational determinants. Nutrients 14:293. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU14020293

Linschooten JO, Verwijs MH, Beelen J et al (2021) Low awareness of community-dwelling older adults on the importance of dietary protein: new insights from four qualitative studies. J Nutr Sci 10:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/JNS.2021.92

Article  Google Scholar 

Tieland M, Borgonjen-Van Den Berg KJ, Van Loon LJC, De Groot LCPGM (2012) Dietary protein intake in community-dwelling, frail, and institutionalized elderly people: scope for improvement. Eur J Nutr 51:173–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00394-011-0203-6/FIGURES/1

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Smeuninx B, Greig CA, Breen L (2020) Amount, source and pattern of dietary protein intake across the adult lifespan: a cross-sectional study. Front Nutr 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00025

Tieland M, Beelen J, Laan ACM et al (2018) An even distribution of protein intake daily promotes protein adequacy but does not influence nutritional status in institutionalized elderly. J Am Med Dir Assoc 19:33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAMDA.2017.07.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mamerow MM, Mettler JA, English KL et al (2014) Dietary protein distribution positively influences 24-h muscle protein synthesis in healthy adults. J Nutr 144:876–880. https://doi.org/10.3945/JN.113.185280

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Granic A, Mendonça N, Sayer AA et al (2018) Low protein intake, muscle strength and physical performance in the very old: the newcastle 85 + study. Clin Nutr 37:2260–2270. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLNU.2017.11.005

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verreijen AM, van den Helder J, Streppel MT et al (2021) A higher protein intake at breakfast and lunch is associated with a higher total daily protein intake in older adults: a post-hoc cross-sectional analysis of four randomised controlled trials. J Hum Nutr Dietetics 34:384–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/JHN.12838

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Aoyama S, Kim HK, Hirooka R et al (2021) Distribution of dietary protein intake in daily meals influences skeletal muscle hypertrophy via the muscle clock. Cell Rep 36:109336. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELREP.2021.109336

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Morgan PT, Harris DO, Marshall RN et al (2021) Protein source and quality for skeletal muscle anabolism in young and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr 151:1901–1920. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab055

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

FAO (2013) Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition report of an FAO expert consultation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Mathai JK, Liu Y, Stein HH (2017) Values for digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for some dairy and plant proteins may better describe protein quality than values calculated using the concept for protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS). Br J Nutr 117:490–499. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517000125

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang Y, Churchward-Venne TA, Burd NA et al (2012) Myofibrillar protein synthesis following ingestion of soy protein isolate at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men. Nutr Metab (Lond) 9:57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-9-57

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tang JE, Moore DR, Kujbida GW et al (2009) Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. Articles PresS J Appl Physiol 107:987–992. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pinckaers PJM, Domić J, Petrick HL et al (2023) Higher muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of an omnivorous meal compared with an isocaloric and isonitrogenous vegan meal in healthy, older adults. J Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TJNUT.2023.11.004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mcleod C, James L, Witcomb G (2020) Food-to-mealtime associations influence food selection in a UK-based sample. Archives Nutr Food Sci 1. https://doi.org/10.46439/NUTRITION.1.004

Smith R, Clegg M, Methven L (2022) Review of protein intake and suitability of foods for protein-fortification in older adults in the UK. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.