Nishida T, Takitsume A, Sugiura J, Keshi A, Kanaoka K, Hirai K, Yano H, Hashimoto Y, Ueda T, Nakagawa H, Onoue K, Soeda T, Watanabe M, Kawakami R, Saito Y (2022) Catheter ablation of ganglionated plexi in patients with adenosine triphosphate-induced atrial fibrillation after pulmonary vein isolation. Heart Vessels 37(5):854–866

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hayashida S, Nagashima K, Kurokawa S, Arai M, Watanabe R, Wakamatsu Y, Otsuka N, Yagyu S, Iso K, Okumura Y (2022) Modified ablation index: a novel determinant of a successful first-pass left atrial posterior wall isolation. Heart Vessels 37(5):802–811

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, Kim YH, Saad EB, Aguinaga L, Akar JG, Badhwar V, Brugada J, Camm J, Chen PS, Chen SA, Chung MK, Nielsen JC, Curtis AB, Davies DW, Day JD, d’Avila A, de Groot N, Di Biase L, Duytschaever M, Edgerton JR, Ellenbogen KA, Ellinor PT, Ernst S, Fenelon G, Gerstenfeld EP, Haines DE, Haissaguerre M, Helm RH, Hylek E, Jackman WM, Jalife J, Kalman JM, Kautzner J, Kottkamp H, Kuck KH, Kumagai K, Lee R, Lewalter T, Lindsay BD, Macle L, Mansour M, Marchlinski FE, Michaud GF, Nakagawa H, Natale A, Nattel S, Okumura K, Packer D, Pokushalov E, Reynolds MR, Sanders P, Scanavacca M, Schilling R, Tondo C, Tsao HM, Verma A, Wilber DJ, Yamane T (2017) 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 14(10):e275–e444

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hayashi K, An Y, Nagashima M, Hiroshima K, Ohe M, Makihara Y, Yamashita K, Yamazato S, Fukunaga M, Sonoda K, Ando K, Goya M (2015) Importance of nonpulmonary vein foci in catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 12(9):1918–1924

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tohoku S, Fukunaga M, Nagashima M, Korai K, Hirokami J, Yamamoto K, Takeo A, Niu H, Ando K, Hiroshima K (2021) Clinical impact of eliminating nonpulmonary vein triggers of atrial fibrillation and nonpulmonary vein premature atrial contractions at initial ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 32(2):224–234

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirokami J, Hiroshima K, Yamaji K, Korai K, Nagashima M, Fukunaga M, Morita J, Yamamoto K, Ando K, Goya M (2020) Relationship between fractionated signal areas in the atrial muscle during sinus rhythm and atrial pacing and non-pulmonary vein foci: novel mapping strategy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 13(8):e008667

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marrouche NF, Wilber D, Hindricks G, Jais P, Akoum N, Marchlinski F, Kholmovski E, Burgon N, Hu N, Mont L, Deneke T, Duytschaever M, Neumann T, Mansour M, Mahnkopf C, Herweg B, Daoud E, Wissner E, Bansmann P, Brachmann J (2014) Association of atrial tissue fibrosis identified by delayed enhancement MRI and atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: the DECAAF study. JAMA 311(5):498–506

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kiuchi K, Okajima K, Shimane A, Yokoi K, Teranishi J, Aoki K, Chimura M, Tsubata H, Miyata T, Matsuoka Y, Toba T, Ohishi S, Sawada T, Tsukishiro Y, Onishi T, Kobayashi S, Yamada S, Taniguchi Y, Yasaka Y, Kawai H, Ikeuchi K, Shigenaga Y, Ikeda T (2015) Visualization of the radiofrequency lesion after pulmonary vein isolation using delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging fused with magnetic resonance angiography. J Arrhythm 31(3):152–158

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kiuchi K, Okajima K, Shimane A, Shigenaga Y (2014) Visualization of pulmonary vein-left atrium reconduction site on delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging in the second atrial fibrillation catheter ablation. Circ J 78(12):2993–2995

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McGann C, Akoum N, Patel A, Kholmovski E, Revelo P, Damal K, Wilson B, Cates J, Harrison A, Ranjan R, Burgon NS, Greene T, Kim D, Dibella EV, Parker D, Macleod RS, Marrouche NF (2014) Atrial fibrillation ablation outcome is predicted by left atrial remodeling on MRI. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 7(1):23–30

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kiuchi K, Fukuzawa K, Takami M, Watanabe Y, Izawa Y, Shigeru M, Oonishi H, Suehiro H, Akita T, Takemoto M, Yatomi A, Nakamura T, Sakai J, Nakasone K, Sonoda Y, Yamamoto K, Takahara H, Negi N, Kyotani K, Kono A, Hirata KI (2021) Feasibility of catheter ablation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation guided by fragmented late-gadolinium enhancement areas. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 32(4):1014–1023

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miragoli M, Salvarani N, Rohr S (2007) Myofibroblasts induce ectopic activity in cardiac tissue. Circ Res 101(8):755–758

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yue L, Xie J, Nattel S (2011) Molecular determinants of cardiac fibroblast electrical function and therapeutic implications for atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 89(4):744–753

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Burstein B, Nattel S (2008) Atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(8):802–809

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hanna N, Cardin S, Leung TK, Nattel S (2004) Differences in atrial versus ventricular remodeling in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 63(2):236–244

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Campos FO, Wiener T, Prassl AJ, dos Santos RW, Sanchez-Quintana D, Ahammer H, Plank G, Hofer E (2013) Electroanatomical characterization of atrial microfibrosis in a histologically detailed computer model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 60(8):2339–2349

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuo L, Zado E, Frankel D, Santangelli P, Arkles J, Han Y, Marchlinski FE, Nazarian S, Desjardins B (2020) Association of left atrial high-resolution late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance with electrogram abnormalities beyond voltage in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 13(2):e007586

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oakes RS, Badger TJ, Kholmovski EG, Akoum N, Burgon NS, Fish EN, Blauer JJ, Rao SN, DiBella EV, Segerson NM, Daccarett M, Windfelder J, McGann CJ, Parker D, MacLeod RS, Marrouche NF (2009) Detection and quantification of left atrial structural remodeling with delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 119(13):1758–1767

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khurram IM, Beinart R, Zipunnikov V, Dewire J, Yarmohammadi H, Sasaki T, Spragg DD, Marine JE, Berger RD, Halperin HR, Calkins H, Zimmerman SL, Nazarian S (2014) Magnetic resonance image intensity ratio, a normalized measure to enable interpatient comparability of left atrial fibrosis. Heart Rhythm 11(1):85–92

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muser D, Santangeli P, Liang JJ, Castro SA, Magnani S, Hayashi T, Garcia FC, Frankel DS, Dixit S, Zado ES, Lin D, Desjardins B, Callans DJ, Alavi A, Marchlinski FE (2018) Characterization of the electroanatomic substrate in cardiac sarcoidosis: correlation with imaging findings of scar and inflammation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 4(3):291–303

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirokami J, Nagashima M, Fukunaga M, Korai K, Sadohara Y, Kaimi R, Takeo A, Niu H, Ando K, Hiroshima K (2023) A novel ablation strategy for recurrent atrial fibrillation: fractionated signal area in the atrial muscle ablation 1-year follow-up. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 34(12):2461–2471

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakamura T, Kiuchi K, Fukuzawa K, Takami M, Watanabe Y, Izawa Y, Suehiro H, Akita T, Takemoto M, Sakai J, Yatomi A, Sonoda Y, Takahara H, Nakasone K, Yamamoto K, Negi N, Kono A, Ashihara T, Hirata KI (2021) Late-gadolinium enhancement properties associated with atrial fibrillation rotors in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 32(4):1005–1013

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zahid S, Cochet H, Boyle PM, Schwarz EL, Whyte KN, Vigmond EJ, Dubois R, Hocini M, Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Trayanova NA (2016) Patient-derived models link re-entrant driver localization in atrial fibrillation to fibrosis spatial pattern. Cardiovasc Res 110(3):443–454

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar