Czerny, M. et al. EACTS/STS Guidelines for diagnosing and treating acute and chronic syndromes of the aortic organ. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 65, ezad426 (2024). The 2023 EACTS and STS aortic guidelines define the organ aorta and provide fundamental insights into the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of aortic disease.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fillinger, M. F., Greenberg, R. K., McKinsey, J. F., Chaikof, E. L. & Society for Vascular Surgery Ad Hoc Committee on TEVAR Reporting Standards. Reporting standards for thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). J. Vasc. Surg. 52, 1022–1033 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davies, R. R. et al. Yearly rupture or dissection rates for thoracic aortic aneurysms: simple prediction based on size. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 73, 17–27 (2002).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coady, M. A. et al. What is the appropriate size criterion for resection of thoracic aortic aneurysms? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 113, 476–491 (1997).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mazzolai, L. et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases. Eur. Heart J. 45, 3538–3700 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rylski, B. et al. Modeling of predissection aortic size in acute type A dissection: more than 90% fail to meet the guidelines for elective ascending replacement. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 148, 944–948.e1 (2014). This study reveals that most patients with aortic dissection have aortic diameter below the threshold for elective replacement, necessitating consideration of additional risk factors.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rylski, B. et al. How does the ascending aorta geometry change when it dissects? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 63, 1311–1319 (2014).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berger, T. et al. Pulmonary artery diameter: means and normal limits—assessment by computed tomography angiography. Interact. CardioVasc. Thorac. Surg. 34, 637–644 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pham, M. H. C. et al. Normal values of aortic dimensions assessed by multidetector computed tomography in the Copenhagen General Population Study. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 20, 939–948 (2019). This study presents essential data regarding normal aortic diameters.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Kimmenade, R. R. J., Kempers, M., de Boer, M.-J., Loeys, B. L. & Timmermans, J. A clinical appraisal of different Z-score equations for aortic root assessment in the diagnostic evaluation of Marfan syndrome. Genet. Med. 15, 528–532 (2013).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Devereux, R. B. et al. Normal limits in relation to age, body size and gender of two-dimensional echocardiographic aortic root dimensions in persons ≥15 years of age. Am. J. Cardiol. 110, 1189–1194 (2012).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saura, D. et al. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic normal reference ranges for proximal aorta dimensions: results from the EACVI NORRE study. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 18, 167–179 (2017).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Campens, L. et al. Reference values for echocardiographic assessment of the diameter of the aortic root and ascending aorta spanning all age categories. Am. J. Cardiol. 114, 914–920 (2014).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Melo, R. G. E. et al. Incidence and prevalence of thoracic aortic aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 34, 1–16 (2022). This systematic review and meta-analysis provides important insights into the incidence and prevalence of TAA.

Article  Google Scholar 

Crousillat, D. et al. Sex differences in thoracic aortic disease and dissection: JACC review topic of the week. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 82, 817–827 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tambe, J., Onana, Y., Dongmo, S., Nguefack-Tsague, G. & Ongolo-Zogo, P. Health insurance ownership and quality of computed tomography requests: experience from a peripheral referral hospital in Cameroon. Radiol. Res. Pract. 2021, 9959114 (2021).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeBenedectis, C. M. et al. Health care disparities in radiology—a review of the current literature. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 19, 101–111 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goyal, A. et al. Trends and disparities in age, sex, ethnoracial background, and urbanization status in adult mortality due to thoracic aortic aneurysm: a retrospective nationwide study in the United States. Int. J. Surg. 110, 7647 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li, A. E. et al. Using MRI to assess aortic wall thickness in the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis: distribution by race, sex, and age. Am. J. Roentgenol. 182, 593–597 (2004).

Article  Google Scholar 

Pham, M. H. C. et al. Aortic aneurysms in a general population cohort: prevalence and risk factors in men and women. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 25, 1235–1243 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Swahn, E., Lekedal, H., Engvall, J., Nyström, F. H. & Jonasson, L. Prevalence and determinants of dilated ascending aorta in a Swedish population: a case–control study. Eur. Heart J. Open 3, oead085 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mehrabi Nasab, E. & Athari, S. S. The prevalence of thoracic aorta aneurysm as an important cardiovascular disease in the general population. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 17, 51 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olsson, C., Thelin, S., Ståhle, E., Ekbom, A. & Granath, F. Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection: increasing prevalence and improved outcomes reported in a nationwide population-based study of more than 14,000 cases from 1987 to 2002. Circulation 114, 2611–2618 (2006).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hiratzka, L. F. et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aortic disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. Circulation 121, e266–e369 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boczar, K. E. et al. Sex differences in thoracic aortic aneurysm growth. Hypertension 73, 190–196 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McClure, R. S. et al. Epidemiology and management of thoracic aortic dissections and thoracic aortic aneurysms in Ontario, Canada: a population-based study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 155, 2254–2264.e4 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Landenhed, M. et al. Risk profiles for aortic dissection and ruptured or surgically treated aneurysms: a prospective cohort study. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 4, e001513 (2015).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeMartino, R. R. et al. Population-based assessment of the incidence of aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, and penetrating ulcer, and its associated mortality from 1995 to 2015. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes 11, e004689 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yamaguchi, T. et al. Population-based incidence and outcomes of acute aortic dissection in Japan. Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care 10, 701–709 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takeuchi, S., Yamaguchi, Y., Soejima, K. & Yoshino, H. Incidence and characteristics of acute aortic dissection in patients with out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest evaluated by non-contrast computed tomography. Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care 9, S48–S57 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tanaka, Y. et al. Prevalence of type A acute aortic dissection in patients with out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Am. J. Cardiol. 117, 1826–1830 (2016).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen, J. et al. Low ambient temperature and temperature drop between neighbouring days and acute aortic dissection: a case-crossover study. Eur. Heart J. 43, 228–235 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma, W.-G. et al. Chronologic and climatic factors of acute aortic dissection: study of 1642 patients in two continents. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 110, 575–581 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krdzalic, A. et al. Atmospheric pressure changes are associated with type A acute aortic dissections and spontaneous abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture in Tuzla canton. Med. Arch. 68, 156–158 (2014).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central