Sivakanthan S, Hasan S, Hofstetter C (2020) Full-Endoscopic lumbar discectomy. Neurosurg Clin N Am 31(1):1–7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rushton A, Heneghan NR, Heymans MW, Staal JB, Goodwin P (2020) Clinical course of pain and disability following primary lumbar discectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J 29(7):1660–1670

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheng B, Guo C, Xu S, Li H, Wu Y, Liu H (2023) Anesthesia methods for full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy: a review. Front Med (Lausanne) 10:1193311

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schaufele MK, Marín DR, Tate JL, Simmons AC (2011) Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. Spine J 11(12):1093–1100

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gonvers E, El-Boghdadly K, Grape S, Albrecht E (2021) Efficacy and safety of intrathecal morphine for analgesia after lower joint arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression and trial sequential analysis. Anaesthesia 76(12):1648–1658

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hindle A (2008) Intrathecal opioids in the management of acute postoperative pain. Continuing Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 8(3):81–85

Article  Google Scholar 

Gehling M, Tryba M (2009) Risks and side-effects of intrathecal morphine combined with spinal anaesthesia: a meta-analysis. Anaesthesia 64(6):643–651

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yue L, Zhang F, Mu G, Shang M, Lin Z, Sun H (2023) Effectiveness and safety of intrathecal morphine for percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy under low-dose ropivacaine: a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Spine J 23(7):954–961

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamashita K, Fukusaki M, Ando Y, Tanabe T, Terao Y, Sumikawa K (2009) Postoperative analgesia with minidose intrathecal morphine for bipolar hip prosthesis in extremely elderly patients. J Anesth 23(4):504–507

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duman A, Apiliogullari S, Balasar M, Gürbüz R, Karcioglu M (2010) Comparison of 50 µg and 25 µg doses of intrathecal morphine on postoperative analgesic requirements in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate with intrathecal anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 22(5):329–333

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palmer CM, Emerson S, Volgoropolous D, Alves D (1999) Dose-response relationship of intrathecal morphine for postcesarean analgesia. J Am Soc Anesthesiologists 90(2):437–444

CAS  Google Scholar 

Des Jarlais DC, Lyles C, Crepaz N, Group T (2004) Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: the TREND statement. Am J Public Health 94(3):361–366

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rawal N (2023) Intrathecal opioids for the management of post-operative pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 37(2):123–132

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stylianou M, Flournoy N (2002) Dose finding using the biased coin up-and-down design and isotonic regression. Biometrics 58(1):171–177

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peska E, Balki M, Maxwell C, Ye XY, Downey K, Carvalho JCA (2021) Oxytocin at elective caesarean delivery: a dose-finding study in women with obesity. Anaesthesia 76(7):918–923

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Sun H, Sun WT, Sun HP, Tian T, Sun J (2021) Efficacy and safety of intrathecal morphine for pain control after spinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 25(6):2674–2684

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pendi A, Acosta FL, Tuchman A, Movahedi R, Sivasundaram L, Arif I, Gucev G (2017) Intrathecal morphine in spine surgery: A Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 42(12):E740–e747

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pendi A, Lee YP, Farhan SAB, Acosta FL, Bederman SS, Sahyouni R, Gerrick ER, Bhatia NN (2018) Complications associated with intrathecal morphine in spine surgery: a retrospective study. J Spine Surg 4(2):287–294

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jacobson L, Chabal C, Brody MC (1988) A dose-response study of intrathecal morphine: efficacy, duration, optimal dose, and side effects. Anesth Analg 67(11):1082–1088

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sultan P, Halpern SH, Pushpanathan E, Patel S, Carvalho B (2016) The effect of intrathecal morphine dose on outcomes after elective Cesarean delivery: A Meta-Analysis. Anesth Analg 123(1):154–164

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rathmell JP, Lair TR, Nauman B (2005) The role of intrathecal drugs in the treatment of acute pain. Anesth Analg 101(5 Suppl):S30–s43

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Renard Y, El-Boghdadly K, Rossel JB, Nguyen A, Jaques C, Albrecht E (2024) Non-pulmonary complications of intrathecal morphine administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression. Br J Anaesth 133(4):823–838

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuipers PW, Kamphuis ET, van Venrooij GE, van Roy JP, Ionescu TI, Knape JT, Kalkman CJ (2004) Intrathecal opioids and lower urinary tract function: a urodynamic evaluation. Anesthesiology 100(6):1497–1503

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feng Zhiying WK, Jin Yi L, Guijun L, Ke YM, Tao S, Tao S, Xiaohong J, Yaping W, Guanglun X, Lizu XHX (2022) Yang dong, Yao ming: expert consensus on intrathecal drug delivery technology for cancer pain management in China (2022). Chin J Painol 18(5):579–589

Google Scholar 

Jeon Y, Hwang J, Kang J, Han S, Rhee K, Oh Y (2005) Effects of epidural Naloxone on pruritus induced by epidural morphine: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Obstet Anesth 14(1):22–25

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kjellberg F, Tramèr MR (2001) Pharmacological control of opioid-induced pruritus: a quantitative systematic review of randomized trials. Eur J Anaesthesiol 18(6):346–357

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Worravitudomsuk T, Charuluxananan S, Sukumpanumet W, Sriprajittichai P (2024) A randomized, controlled trial of palonosetron versus Ondansetron for nausea, vomiting, and pruritus in Cesarean delivery with intrathecal morphine. Anesth Analg

Singh PM, Sultan P, O’Carroll J, Blake L, Carvalho B, Singh NP, Monks DT (2023) Pharmacological agents for prevention of pruritus in women undergoing caesarean delivery with neuraxial morphine: a systematic review and bayesian network meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 131(3):556–571

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang L, Huang J, Hu H, Chang X, Xia F (2024) Commonly used antiemetics for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting after caesarean delivery with neuraxial morphine: a network meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 132(6):1274–1284

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gan TJ, Diemunsch P, Habib AS, Kovac A, Kranke P, Meyer TA, Watcha M, Chung F, Angus S, Apfel CC et al (2014) Consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analgesia 118(1):85–113

Article  Google Scholar 

Simpson D, Curran MP, Oldfield V, Keating GM (2005) Ropivacaine Drugs 65(18):2675–2717

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar