World Health Organization (WHO) Post COVID-19 condition (Long COVID). 7 December 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/post-covid-19-condition. Accessed March 3rd, 2025
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) NICE Guideline, No. 188, 2020 Dec 18: COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19
Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) Long COVID basics. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/covid/long-term-effects/index.html#:~:text=Long%20COVID%20is%20defined%20as,%2C%20worsen%2C%20or%20be%20ongoing. Accessed March 3rd, 2025
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Global Health; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Committee on Examining the Working Definition for Long COVID; Goldowitz I, Worku T, Brown L, Fineberg HV, editors. A long COVID definition: a chronic, systemic disease state with profound consequences. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2024 Jul 9.
World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 epidemiological update. Edition 167, 17 May 2024. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covid-19-epidemiological-update-edition-167. Accessed March 3rd, 2025.
European Center for Disease prevention and Control (ECDC) Prevalence of post COVID-19 condition symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort study data, stratified by recruitment setting. 27 October 2022. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Prevalence-post-COVID-19-condition-symptoms.pdf. Accessed March 3rd, 2025.
Calvo Ramos S, Maldonado JE, Vandeplas A, Ványolós I, European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs. Long COVID: A tentative assessment of its impact on labour market participation and potential economic effects in the EU. Available at: https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/publications/long-covid-tentative-assessment-its-impact-labour-market-participation-and-potential-economic_en. Accessed March 3rd, 2025
Mandel H, Yoo Y, Allen A, Abedian S, Verzani Z, Karlson E, et al. (2024) Long COVID incidence in adults and children between 2020 and 2023: a real-world data study from the RECOVER Initiative. Res Sq. rs.3.rs-4124710. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4124710/v1
Tsampasian V, Elghazaly H, Chattopadhyay R, Debski M, Naing TKP, Garg P et al (2023) Risk factors associated with post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 183:566–580. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0750
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pillay J, Rahman S, Guitard S, Wingert A, Hartling L (2022) Risk factors and preventive interventions for post Covid-19 condition: systematic review. Emerg Microbes Infect 11:2762–2780
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gentilotti E, Górska A, Tami A, Gusinow R, Mirandola M, Rodríguez Baño J et al (2023) Clinical phenotypes and quality of life to define post-COVID-19 syndrome: a cluster analysis of the multinational, prospective ORCHESTRA cohort. EClinicalMedicine 62:102107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102107
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Perlis RH, Santillana M, Ognyanova K, Safarpour A, Lunz Trujillo K, Simonson MD et al (2022) Prevalence and correlates of long COVID symptoms among US adults. JAMA Netw Open 5(10):e2238804. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.38804
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hurt RT, Yadav S, Schroeder DR, Croghan IT, Mueller MR, Grach SL et al (2024) Longitudinal progression of patients with long COVID treated in a post-COVID clinic: a cross-sectional survey. J Prim Care Community Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/21501319241258671
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Oelsner EC, Sun Y, Balte PP, Allen NB, Andrews H, Carson A et al (2024) Epidemiologic features of recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Netw Open 7:e2417440. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.17440
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pfrommer LR, Diexer S, Klee B, Massag J, Gottschick C, Purschke O et al (2024) Post-COVID recovery is faster after an infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: a population-based cohort study. Infection. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02438-z
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Stalker G, Tudas R, Garg A, Graham L, Thurman AL, Wiblin RT et al (2024) Long-COVID improves in 50% of patients after a year in a Midwestern cohort. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.30.24306497
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bello-Chavolla OY, Fermín-Martínez CA, Ramírez-García D, Vargas-Vázquez A, Fernández-Chirino L, Basile-Alvarez MR et al (2024) Prevalence and determinants of post-acute sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection (Long COVID) among adults in Mexico during 2022: a retrospective analysis of nationally representative data. Lancet Reg Health Am 30:100688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2024.100688
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang D, Chen C, Xie Y, Zhou S, Li D, Zeng F et al (2025) Prevalence and risk factors of long COVID-19 persisting for 2 years in Hainan Province: a population-based prospective study. Sci Rep 15:369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84598-4
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Italian National Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (Centro Nazionale per la Prevenzione ed il Controllo delle Malattie). CCM Program 2021. Available at: https://www.ccm-network.it/pagina.jsp?id=node/2438. Accessed March 3rd, 2025
Post COVID-19 CRF from the WHO Global Clinical Platform for COVID-19. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-covid-19-clinical-platform-case-report-form-(crf)-for-post-covid-conditions-(post-covid-19-crf-). Accessed March 3rd, 2025
Castriotta L, Onder G, Rosolen V, Beorchia Y, Fanizza C, Bellini B et al (2024) Examining potential Long COVID effects through utilization of healthcare resources: a retrospective, population-based, matched cohort study comparing individuals with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckae001
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chaturvedi R, Lui B, Aaronson JA, White RS, Samuels JD (2022) COVID-19 complications in males and females: recent developments. J Comp Eff Res 11:689–698. https://doi.org/10.2217/cer-2022-0027
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Peter RS, Nieters A, Göpel S, Merle U, Steinacker JM, Deibert P et al (2025) Persistent symptoms and clinical findings in adults with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19/post-COVID-19 syndrome in the second year after acute infection: A population-based, nested case-control study. PLoS Med 22:e1004511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004511
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Reese JT, Blau H, Casiraghi E, Bergquist T, Loomba JJ, Callahan TJ et al (2023) Generalisable long COVID subtypes: findings from the NIH N3C and RECOVER programmes. EBioMedicine 87:104413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104413
Wynberg E, Verveen A, van Willigen HDG, Nieuwkerk P, Davidovich U, Lok A et al (2023) Two-year trajectories of COVID-19 symptoms and their association with illness perception: a prospective cohort study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 17:e13190. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13190
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Núñez I, Gillard J, Fragoso-Saavedra S, Feyaerts D, Islas-Weinstein L, Gallegos-Guzmán AA et al (2023) Longitudinal clinical phenotyping of post COVID condition in Mexican adults recovering from severe COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Front Med 10:1236702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1236702
Iversen A, Blomberg B, Haug K, Kittang B, Özgümüs T, Cox RJ, Langeland N (2024) Symptom trajectories of post-COVID sequelae in patients with acute Delta or Omicron infection in Bergen, Norway. Front Public Health 12:1320059. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1320059
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Taquet M, Skorniewska Z, De Deyn T, Hampshire A, Trender WR, Hellyer PJ et al (2024) Cognitive and psychiatric symptom trajectories 2–3 years after hospital admission for COVID-19: a longitudinal, prospective cohort study in the UK. Lancet Psychiatry 11:696–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(24)00214-1
Rahmati M, Udeh R, Yon DK, Lee SW, Dolja-Gore X, McEVoy M et al (2023) A systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term sequelae of COVID-19 2-year after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a call to action for neurological, physical, and psychological sciences. J Med Virol 95:e28852. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.28852
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gutiérrez-Canales LG, Muñoz-Corona C, Barrera-Chávez I, Viloria-Álvarez C, Macías AE, Guaní-Guerra E (2022) Quality of life and persistence of symptoms in outpatients after recovery from COVID-19. Medicina 58:1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121795
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Joseph G, Margalit I, Weiss-Ottolenghi Y, Rubin C, Murad H, Gardner RC et al (2024) Persistence of long COVID symptoms two years after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Viruses 16:1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121955
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sculthorpe NF, McLaughlin M, Cerexhe L, Macdonald E, Dello Iacono A, Sanal-Hayes NEM et al (2025) Tracking Persistent Symptoms in Scotland (TraPSS): a longitudinal prospective cohort study of COVID-19 recovery after mild acute infection. BMJ Open 15:e086646. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086646
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Diexer S, Klee B, Gottschick C, Broda A, Purschke O, Binder M et al (2024) Insights into early recovery from Long COVID-results from the German DigiHero Cohort. Sci Rep 14:8569. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59122-3
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shah KM, Shah RM, Sawano M, Wu Y, Bishop P, Iwasaki A, Krumholz HM (2024) Factors associated with long COVID recovery among US adults. Am J Med 137(9):896–899. http
Comments (0)