Agudelo LZ, Femenía T, Orhan F, Porsmyr-Palmertz M, Goiny M, Martinez-Redondo V, Schuppe-Koistinen I (2014) Skeletal muscle PGC-1α1 modulates kynurenine metabolism and mediates resilience to stress-induced depression. Cell 159(1):33–45

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aguiar AS, Castro AA, Moreira EL, Glaser V, Santos ARS, Tasca CI, Prediger RDS (2011) Short bouts of mild-intensity physical exercise improve spatial learning and memory in aging rats: involvement of hippocampal plasticity via AKT, CREB and BDNF signaling. Mech Ageing Dev 132(11):560–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2011.09.005

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmadi Hekmatikar AH, Entesari A, Shirvani H (2024) Immunological and physiological changes of exercise-released lactate on tumors: an important and new research window. J Exerc Organ Cross Talk 4(4):304–307

Google Scholar 

Alizade S, Faramarzi M (2024) Promoting brain health in older adults through exercise: a narrative review of the role of muscle-brain crosstalk. J Exerc Organ Cross Talk 4(2):145–156

Google Scholar 

Arazi H, Babaei P, Moghimi M, Asadi A (2021) Acute effects of strength and endurance exercise on serum BDNF and IGF-1 levels in older men. BMC Geriatr 21(1):50

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arboleda G, Morales LC, Benítez B, Arboleda H (2009) Regulation of ceramide-induced neuronal death: cell metabolism meets neurodegeneration. Brain Res Rev 59(2):333–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.10.001

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arnold SE, Arvanitakis Z, Macauley-Rambach SL, Koenig AM, Wang H-Y, Ahima RS, Stoeckel LE (2018) Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums. Nat Rev Neurol 14(3):168–181

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Asadi Y, Gorjipour F, Behrouzifar S, Vakili A (2018) Irisin peptide protects brain against ischemic injury through reducing apoptosis and enhancing BDNF in a rodent model of stroke. Neurochem Res 43(8):1549–1560

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ataka K, Asakawa A, Iwai H, Kato I (2023) Musclin prevents depression-like behavior in male mice by activating urocortin 2 signaling in the hypothalamus. Front Endocrinol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1288282

Article  Google Scholar 

Athauda D, Foltynie T (2016) Insulin resistance and Parkinson’s disease: a new target for disease modification? Prog Neurobiol 145:98–120

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, Green PS, Wilkinson CW, McTiernan A, Cholerton BA (2010) Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial. Arch Neurol 67(1):71–79

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Balakrishnan R, Thurmond DC (2022) Mechanisms by which skeletal muscle myokines ameliorate insulin resistance. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094636

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Gutierrez EG (1994) Penetration of interleukin-6 across the murine blood-brain barrier. Neurosci Lett 179(1–2):53–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(94)90933-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barilar JO, Knezovic A, Perhoc AB, Homolak J, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M (2020) Shared cerebral metabolic pathology in non-transgenic animal models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm 127:231–250

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baskin DG, Lattemann DF, Seeley RJ, Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Schwartz MW (1999) Insulin and leptin: dual adiposity signals to the brain for the regulation of food intake and body weight. Brain Res 848(1–2):114–123

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beard E, Lengacher S, Dias S, Magistretti PJ, Finsterwald C (2022) Astrocytes as key regulators of brain energy metabolism: new therapeutic perspectives. Front Physiol 12:825816

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Benedict C, Hallschmid M, Schultes B, Born J, Kern W (2007) Intranasal insulin to improve memory function in humans. Neuroendocrinology 86(2):136–142

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Briken S, Rosenkranz SC, Keminer O, Patra S, Ketels G, Heesen C, Gold SM (2016) Effects of exercise on irisin, BDNF and IL-6 serum levels in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 299:53–58

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown C, Pemberton S, Babin A, Abdulhameed N, Noonan C, Brown MB, Rhea EM (2022) Insulin blood-brain barrier transport and interactions are greater following exercise in mice. J Appl Physiol 132(3):824–834

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cai W, Xue C, Sakaguchi M, Konishi M, Shirazian A, Ferris HA, Pothos EN (2018) Insulin regulates astrocyte gliotransmission and modulates behavior. J Clin Invest 128(7):2914–2926

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Camporez JPG, Jornayvaz FR, Petersen MC, Pesta D, Guigni BA, Serr J, Shulman GI (2013) Cellular mechanisms by which FGF21 improves insulin sensitivity in male mice. Endocrinology 154(9):3099–3109. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1191

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Castells-Sánchez A, Roig-Coll F, Dacosta-Aguayo R, Lamonja-Vicente N, Torán-Monserrat P, Pera G, Mataró M (2022) Molecular and brain volume changes following aerobic exercise, cognitive and combined training in physically inactive healthy Late-Middle-Aged adults: the projecte moviment randomized controlled trial [Original Research]. Front Hum Neurosci 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.854175

Charles ED, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Frias P, Kundu J, Luo S, Tirucherai Y, G. S., Christian R (2019) Pegbelfermin (BMS‐986036), pegylated FGF21, in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes: results from a randomized phase 2 study. Obesity 27(1):41–49

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen W, Cai W, Hoover B, Kahn CR (2022) Insulin action in the brain: cell types, circuits, and diseases. Trends Neurosci 45(5):384–400

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coelho-Júnior HJ, Oliveira Gonçalves Id, Sampaio RAC, Sampaio PYS, Lusa Cadore E, Calvani R, Uchida MC (2020) Effects of Combined Resistance and Power Training on Cognitive Function in Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(10):3435. https://www.mdpi.com/1660/4601/17/10/3435

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Craft S, Baker LD, Montine TJ, Minoshima S, Watson GS, Claxton A, Plymate SR (2012) Intranasal insulin therapy for Alzheimer disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a pilot clinical trial. Arch Neurol 69(1):29–38

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crane PK, Walker R, Hubbard RA, Li G, Nathan DM, Zheng H, Larson EB (2013) Glucose levels and risk of dementia. N Engl J Med 369(6):540–548. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1215740

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, Tal I, Rodman D, Goldfine AB, Doria A (2009) Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med 360(15):1509–1517

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dalise S, Azzollini V, Chisari C (2020) Brain and muscle: how central nervous system disorders can modify the skeletal muscle. Diagnostics 10(12):1047

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de la Monte SM (2012) Contributions of brain insulin resistance and deficiency in amyloid-related neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Drugs 72(1):49–66

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de la Monte SM, Tong M (2014) Brain metabolic dysfunction at the core of Alzheimer’s disease. Biochem Pharmacol 88(4):548–559

Article  PubMed