García-Marcos L, Asher MI, Pearce N, Ellwood E, Bissell K, Chiang CY, et al. The burden of asthma, hay fever and eczema in children in 25 countries: GAN phase i study. Eur Respir J. 2022;60:2102866.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Meghji J, Mortimer K, Agusti A, Allwood BW, Asher I, Bateman ED, et al. Improving lung health in low-income and middle-income countries: from challenges to solutions. Lancet. 2021;397:928–40.
Jartti T, Bønnelykke K, Elenius V, Feleszko W. Role of viruses in asthma. Semin Immunopathol. 2020;42:61–74.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jackson DJ, Gern JE. Rhinovirus infections and their roles in asthma: etiology and exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10:673–81.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Papadopoulos NG, Apostolidou E, Miligkos M, Xepapadaki P. Bacteria and viruses and their role in the preschool wheeze to asthma transition. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2024;35:e14098.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kloepfer KM, Kennedy JL. Childhood respiratory viral infections and the microbiome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;152:827–34.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sullivan SG, Carlson S, Cheng AC, Chilver MB, Dwyer DE, Irwin M, et al. Where has all the influenza gone? The impact of COVID-19 on the circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses, Australia, March to September 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25:2001847.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Huang QS, Wood T, Jelley L, Jennings T, Jefferies S, Daniells K, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza and other respiratory viral infections in New Zealand. Nat Commun. 2021;12:1001.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fairweather SM, Chang CL, Mansell CJ, Shafuddin E, Hancox RJ. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on the cardio-respiratory health of New Zealanders. Respirology. 2021;26:1041–8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Olsen SJ, Winn AK, Budd AP, Prill MM, Steel J, Midgley CM, et al. Changes in influenza and other respiratory virus activity during the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, 2020–2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:1013–9.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nygaard U, Holm M, Rabie H, Rytter M. The pattern of childhood infections during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2024;8:910–20.
Hatter L, Eathorne A, Hills T, Bruce P, Beasley R. Respiratory syncytial virus: paying the immunity debt with interest. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5:e44–5.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Eden JS, Sikazwe C, Xie R, Deng YM, Sullivan SG, Michie A, et al. Off-season RSV epidemics in Australia after easing of COVID-19 restrictions. Nat Commun. 2022;13:2884.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cohen R, Ashman M, Taha MK, Varon E, Angoulvant F, Levy C, et al. Pediatric Infectious Disease Group (GPIP) position paper on the immune debt of the COVID-19 pandemic in childhood, how can we fill the immunity gap? Infect Dis Now. 2021;51:418–23.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen Q, Rodewald L, Lai S, Gao GF. Rapid and sustained containment of covid-19 is achievable and worthwhile: implications for pandemic response. BMJ. 2021;375:e066169.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, Alverson BK, Baley JE, Gadomski AM, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e1474–502.
Global Initiative for Asthma. 2024 Summary Guide for Asthma Management and Prevention. https://ginasthma.org/now-available-2024-summary-guide-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/. Accessed 20 Aug 2025.
Hong Kong Government News Website. COVID-19 isolation order to be lifted on 30th this month. https://www.news.gov.hk/chi/2023/01/20230119/20230119_121319_908.html. Accessed 20 Aug 2025.
Ko FW, Chan PK, Chan RWY, Chan KP, Ip A, Kwok A, et al. Molecular detection of respiratory pathogens and typing of human rhinovirus of adults hospitalized for exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res. 2019;20:210.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lam WY, Yeung AC, Tang JW, Ip M, Chan EW, Hui M, et al. Rapid multiplex nested PCR for detection of respiratory viruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:3631–40.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zou G. A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:702–6.
Papadopoulos NG, Mathioudakis AG, Custovic A, Deschildre A, Phipatanakul W, Wong G, et al. Childhood asthma outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the PeARL multi-national cohort. Allergy. 2021;76:1765–75.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Davies GA, Alsallakh MA, Sivakumaran S, Vasileiou E, Lyons RA, Robertson C, et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on emergency asthma admissions and deaths: national interrupted time series analyses for Scotland and Wales. Thorax. 2021;76:867–73.
Wee LE, Conceicao EP, Tan JY, Sim JXY, Venkatachalam I. Reduction in asthma admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic: consequence of public health measures in Singapore. Eur Respir J. 2021;57:2004493.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sayed S, Diwadkar AR, Dudley JW, O’Brien J, Dvorin D, Kenyon CC, et al. COVID-19 pandemic-related reductions in pediatric asthma exacerbations corresponded with an overall decrease in respiratory viral infections. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10:91-9.e12.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tan HMJ, Tan MS, Chang ZY, Tan KT, Ee GLA, Ng CCD, et al. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the health-seeking behaviour of an Asian population with acute respiratory infections in a densely populated community. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1196.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lazzerini M, Barbi E, Apicella A, Marchetti F, Cardinale F, Trobia G. Delayed access or provision of care in Italy resulting from fear of COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4:e10–1.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Adir Y, Saliba W, Beurnier A, Humbert M. Asthma and COVID-19: an update. Eur Respir Rev. 2021;30:210152.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jia R, Lu L, Li S, Liu P, Xu M, Cao L, et al. Human rhinoviruses prevailed among children in the setting of wearing face masks in Shanghai, 2020. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22:253.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Teo KW, Patel D, Sisodia S, Roland D, Gaillard EA, Tang JW. Rhinovirus persistence during the COVID-19 pandemic—impact on pediatric acute wheezing presentations. J Med Virol. 2022;94:5547–52.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kuitunen I, Artama M, Haapanen M, Renko M. Rhinovirus spread in children during the COVID-19 pandemic despite social restrictions—a nationwide register study in Finland. J Med Virol. 2021;93:6063–7.
Comments (0)