Marchant JM, Petsky HL, Morris PS, Chang AB. Antibiotics for prolonged wet cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;7:CD004822. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004822.pub3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tenson T, Lovmar M, Ehrenberg M. The mechanism of action of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B reveals the nascent peptide exit path in the ribosome. J Mol Biol. 2003;330:1005–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00662-4.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liang JH, Han X. Structure-activity relationships and mechanism of action of macrolides derived from erythromycin as antibacterial agents. Curr Top Med Chem. 2013;13:3131–64. https://doi.org/10.2174/15680266113136660223.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Omura S. Macrolide Antibiotics. Chemistry, Biology and Practice. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press Inc.; 2002.

Amsden GW. Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin: are the differences real? Clin Ther. 1996;18:56–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-2918(96)80179-2.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schlossberg D. Azithromycin and clarithromycin. Med Clin North Am. 1995;79:803–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30040-2.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bryskier A. Roxithromycin: review of its antimicrobial activity. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1998;41:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/41.suppl_2.1.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Markham A, Faulds D. Roxithromycin. An update of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs. 1994;48:297–326. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199448020-00011.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Heidary M, Ebrahimi Samangani A, Kargari A, Kiani Nejad A, Yashmi I, Motahar M, et al. Mechanism of action, resistance, synergism, and clinical implications of azithromycin. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022;36:e24427. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.24427.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Blumenthal KG, Peter JG, Trubiano JA, Phillips EJ. Antibiotic allergy. Lancet. 2019;393:183–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32218-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sánchez-Borges M, Thong B, Blanca M, Ensina LF, González-Díaz S, Greenberger PA, et al. Hypersensitivity reactions to non beta-lactam antimicrobial agents, a statement of the WAO special committee on drug allergy. World Allergy Organ J. 2013;6:18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1939-4551-6-18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Araújo L, Demoly P. Macrolides allergy. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14:2840–62. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161208786369812.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dinos GP. The macrolide antibiotic renaissance. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174:2967–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13936.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Leclercq R. Mechanisms of Resistance to Macrolides and Lincosamides: Nature of the Resistance Elements and Their Clinical Implications. Clinical Infectious Dis. 2002;ume 34:482–92. https://doi.org/10.1086/324626.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fyfe C, Grossman TH, Kerstein K, Sutcliffe J. Resistance to Macrolide Antibiotics in Public Health Pathogens. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016;6:a025395. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a025395.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhanel GG, Walters M, Noreddin A, Vercaigne LM, Wierzbowski A, Embil JM, et al. The ketolides: a critical review. Drugs. 2002;62:1771–804. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200262120-00006.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Reinert RR. Clinical efficacy of ketolides in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53:918–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkh169.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhanel GG, Hisanaga T, Nichol K, Wierzbowski A, Hoban DJ. Ketolides: an emerging treatment for macrolide-resistant respiratory infections, focusing on S. pneumoniae. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2003;8:297–321. https://doi.org/10.1517/14728214.8.2.297.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lipsky MS. Ketolides in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: A review. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2005;66:139–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2005.06.008.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhanel GG, Dueck M, Hoban DJ, Vercaigne LM, Embil JM, Gin AS, et al. Review of macrolides and ketolides: focus on respiratory tract infections. Drugs. 2001;61:443–98. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200161040-00003.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rafie JM, Weller TM, Ashby JP, Walker RM, Wise R. The in vitro activity of ABT773, a new ketolide antimicrobial agent. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;46:1017–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/46.6.1017.

Article  Google Scholar 

McGhee P, Clark C, Kosowska-Shick KM, Nagai K, Dewasse B, Beachel L, et al. In vitro activity of CEM-101 against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes with defined macrolide resistance mechanisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:230–8. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01123-09.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ednie LM, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Comparative antianaerobic activities of the ketolides HMR 3647 (RU 66647) and HMR 3004 (RU 64004). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41:2019–22. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.41.9.2019.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Capobianco JO, Cao Z, Shortridge VD, Ma Z, Flamm RK, Zhong P. Studies of the novel ketolide ABT-773: transport, binding to ribosomes, and inhibition of protein synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:1562–7. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.44.6.1562-1567.2000.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rafie S, MacDougall C, James CL. Cethromycin: a promising new ketolide antibiotic for respiratory infections. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30:290–303. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.30.3.290.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mansour H, Chahine EB, Karaoui LR, El-Lababidi RM. Cethromycin: a new ketolide antibiotic. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47:368–79. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1R435.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barrera CM, Mykietiuk A, Metev H, Nitu MF, Karimjee N, Doreski PA, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral solithromycin versus oral moxifloxacin for treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: a global, double-blind, multicentre, randomised, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial (SOLITAIRE-ORAL). Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:421–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00017-7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Woosley LN, Castanheira M, Jones RN. CEM-101 activity against Gram-positive organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:2182–7. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01662-09.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Farrell DJ, Sader HS, Castanheira M, Biedenbach DJ, Rhomberg PR, Jones RN. Antimicrobial characterisation of CEM-101 activity against respiratory tract pathogens, including multidrug-resistant pneumococcal serogroup 19A isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;35:537–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.01.026.

Article  PubMed  CAS