Aw ST, Todd MJ, Halmagyi GM (2006) Latency and initiation of the human vestibuloocular reflex to pulsed galvanic stimulation. J Neurophysiol 96(2):925–930. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.01250.2005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barmack NH, Yakhnitsa V (2022) Vestibulocerebellar Functional Connections. In M. U. Manto, D. L. Gruol, J. D. Schmahmann, N. Koibuchi, & R. V. Sillitoe (Eds.), Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders (pp. 467–495). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23810-0_18

Curthoys IS, Dlugaiczyk J (2020) Physiology, clinical evidence and diagnostic relevance of sound-induced and vibration-induced vestibular stimulation. Curr Opin Neurol 33(1):126. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000770

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Curthoys IS, Kim J, McPhedran SK, Camp AJ (2006) Bone conducted vibration selectively activates irregular primary otolithic vestibular neurons in the guinea pig. Exp Brain Res 175(2):256–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0544-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Curthoys IS, Vulovic V, Sokolic L, Pogson J, Burgess AM (2012) Irregular primary otolith afferents from the guinea pig utricular and saccular maculae respond to both bone conducted vibration and to air conducted sound. Brain Res Bull 89(1):16–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.07.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Curthoys IS, Vulovic V, Burgess AM, Sokolic L, Goonetilleke SC (2016) The response of guinea pig primary utricular and saccular irregular neurons to bone-conducted vibration (BCV) and air-conducted sound (ACS). Hear Res 331:131–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2015.10.019

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dennis DL, Govender S, Chen P, Todd NPM, Colebatch JG (2014) Differing response properties of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials evoked by air-conducted stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 125(6):1238–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.001

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dennis DL, Govender S, Colebatch JG (2016) Properties of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs and oVEMPs) evoked by 500Hz and 100Hz bone vibration at the mastoid. Clin Neurophysiol 127(1):848–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.06.027

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A (2007) G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39(2):175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldberg JM, Wilson VJ, Cullen KE, Angelaki DE, Broussard DM, Buttner-Ennever J, Fukushima K, Minor LB (2012) The vestibular system: a Sixth sense. Oxford University Press. https://academic.oup.com/book/9534

Govender S, Colebatch JG (2018) Location and phase effects for ocular and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials evoked by bone-conducted stimuli at midline skull sites. J Neurophysiol 119(3):1045–1056. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00695.2017

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Govender S, Rosengren SM, Colebatch JG (2011a) Vestibular neuritis has selective effects on air- and bone-conducted cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 122(6):1246–1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2010.12.040

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Govender S, Rosengren SM, Todd NPM, Colebatch JG (2011b) Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials produced by impulsive lateral acceleration in unilateral vestibular dysfunction. Clin Neurophysiol 122(12):2498–2504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2011.04.024

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Govender S, Dennis DL, Colebatch JG (2015) Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) evoked by air- and bone-conducted stimuli in vestibular neuritis. Clin Neurophysiol 126(10):2004–2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.12.029

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Govender S, Biswas RK, Welgampola MS, Rosengren SM (2023) Magnitude, variability and symmetry in head acceleration and jerk and their relationship to cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. J Vestib Research: Equilib Orientat 33(5):325–338. https://doi.org/10.3233/VES-230008

Article  Google Scholar 

Isu N, Graf W, Sato H, Kushiro K, Zakir M, Imagawa M, Uchino Y (2000) Sacculo-ocular reflex connectivity in cats. Exp Brain Res 131(3):262–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002219900292

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Iwasaki S, McGarvie LA, Halmagyi GM, Burgess AM, Kim J, Colebatch JG, Curthoys IS (2007) Head taps evoke a crossed vestibulo-ocular reflex. Neurology 68(15):1227–1229. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000259064.80564.21

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Iwasaki S, Smulders YE, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA, MacDougall HG, Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS (2008) Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in response to bone-conducted vibration of the midline forehead at Fz. Audiol Neurotology 13(6):396–404. https://doi.org/10.1159/000148203

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Iwasaki S, Chihara Y, Smulders YE, Burgess AM, Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS, Murofushi T (2009) The role of the superior vestibular nerve in generating ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials to bone conducted vibration at Fz. Clin Neurophysiol 120(3):588–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.12.036

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Iwasaki S, Murofushi T, Chihara Y, Ushio M, Suzuki M, Curthoys IS, Yamasoba T (2010) Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to bone-conducted vibration in Vestibular Schwannomas. Otology Neurotology, 31(1). https://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/Fulltext/2010/01000/Ocular_Vestibular_Evoked_Myogenic_Potentials_to.25.aspx

Kantner C, Gürkov R (2012) Characteristics and clinical applications of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Hear Res 294(1–2):55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2012.10.008

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kwok BYC, Rosengren SM, Kong JHK, Birman CS, Hoskisson E, Young AS, Argaet EC, Fratturo L, Rivas C, Greenberg SL, Saxby AJ, Welgampola MS (2022) Impact of cochlear implantation on canal and otolith function. Otol Neurotol 43(3):304–312. https://doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000003459

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lim R, Brichta AM (2016) Anatomical and physiological development of the human inner ear. Hear Res 338:9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2016.02.004

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Paillard AC, Kluk K, Todd NPM (2014) Thresholds for vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) produced by impulsive transmastoid acceleration. Int J Audiol 53(2):138–141. https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2013.853134

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Piker EG, Jacobson GP, Burkard RF, McCaslin DL, Hood LJ (2013) Effects of age on the tuning of the cVEMP and oVEMP. Ear Hear 34(6):e65–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828fc9f2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosengren SM, McAngus Todd NP, Colebatch JG (2005) Vestibular-evoked extraocular potentials produced by stimulation with bone-conducted sound. Clin Neurophysiol 116(8):1938–1948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2005.03.019

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rosengren SM, Aw ST, Halmagyi GM, Todd NPM, Colebatch JG (2008) Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in superior canal dehiscence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79(5):559–568. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.126730

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rosengren SM, Govender S, Colebatch JG (2009a) The relative effectiveness of different stimulus waveforms in evoking VEMPs: significance of stimulus energy and frequency. J Vestib Res 19:33–40. https://doi.org/10.3233/VES-2009-0345

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosengren SM, Jombik P, Halmagyi GM, Colebatch JG (2009b) Galvanic ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials provide new insight into vestibulo-ocular reflexes and unilateral vestibular loss. Clin Neurophysiol 120(3):569–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.12.001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosengren SM, Govender S, Colebatch JG (2011) Ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials produced by air- and bone-conducted stimuli: comparative properties and effects of age. Clin Neurophysiol 122(11):2282–2289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2011.04.001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosengren SM, Colebatch JG, Straumann D, Weber KP (2013) Why do oVEMPs become larger when you look up? Explaining the effect of gaze elevation on the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential. Clin Neurophysiol 124(4):785–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2012.10.012

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sasaki T, Suzuki K, Matsumoto M, Sato T, Kodama N, Yago K (2002) Origins of surface potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of oculomotor nerves: are they related to electrooculographic or electromyographic events? J Neurosurg 97(4):941–944. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.4.0941

Article  PubMed