Brammer KW, Farrow PR, Faulkner JK. Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of fluconazole in humans. Clin Infect Dis. 1990;12:S318–26.
Chaube S, Murphy ML. The teratogenic effects of 5-fluorocytosine in the rat. Cancer Res. 1969;29(3):554–7.
Menegola E, Broccia ML, Di Renzo F, Giavini E. Pathogenic pathways in fluconazole-induced branchial arch malformations. Birth Defects Res A. 2003;67:116–24.
Lopez-Rangel E, Van Allen MI. Prenatal exposure to fluconazole: an identifiable dysmorphic phenotype. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2005;73:919–23.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lee BE, Feinberg M, Abraham JJ, Murthy AR. Congenital malformations in an infant born to a woman treated with fluconazole. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992;11:1062–4.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Aleck KA, Bartley DL. Multiple malformation syndrome following fluconazole use in pregnancy: report of an additional patient. Am J Med Genet. 1997;72:253–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pursley TJ, Blomquist IK, Abraham J, Andersen HF, Bartley JA. Fluconazole-induced congenital anomalies in three infants. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:336–40.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhu Y, Bateman BT, Gray KJ, Hernandez-Diaz S, Mogun H, Straub L, et al. Oral fluconazole use in the first trimester and risk of congenital malformations: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369: m1494.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang J, Li L, Lv Q, Yan L, Wang Y, Jiang Y. The fungal CYP51s: their functions, structures, related drug resistance, and inhibitors. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:691.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alsaad AMS, Kaplan YC, Koren G. Exposure to fluconazole and risk of congenital malformations in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol. 2015;52:78–82.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhang Z, Zhang X, Zhou Y-Y, Jiang C-M, Jiang H-Y. The safety of oral fluconazole during the first trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2019;126:1546–52.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Liu D, Zhang C, Wu L, Zhang L, Zhang L. Fetal outcomes after maternal exposure to oral antifungal agents during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020;148:6–13.
Marin B, Vauzelle C, Coulm B, Beghin D, Latour M, Tubach F, et al. Comment on “maternal use of fluconazole and congenital malformations in the progeny: a meta-analysis of the literature.” Reprod Toxicol. 2021;104:168.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Budani MC, Fensore S, Di Marzio M, Tiboni GM. Maternal use of fluconazole and congenital malformations in the progeny: a meta-analysis of the literature. Reprod Toxicol. 2021;100:42–51.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from: www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman D, Group The PRISMA. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. [Internet]. PLoS Med; 2009. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
Stroup DF. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology a proposal for reporting. JAMA. 2000;283:2008.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Latour M, Vauzelle C, Elefant E, Dechartres A, Marin B, Tubach F. Risk of congenital malformation following maternal use of oral fluconazole (low dose/high dose) during the first trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021274003 Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021274003.
Gordis L. Epidemiology. 4th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2009.
EUROCAT. EUROCAT Guide 1.5: instruction for the registration of congenital anomalies. EUROCAT central registry, University of Ulster; 2022.
Lefebvre C, Glanville J, Briscoe S, Featherstone R, Littlewood A, Metzendorf M-I, Noel-Storr A, Paynter R, Rader T, Thomas J, Wieland LS. Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated October 2023). Cochrane, 2023. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, Savović J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. The risk of bias in non-randomized studies–of interventions (ROBINS-I) assessment tool.
Bérard A, Sheehy O, Zhao J-P, Gorgui J, Bernatsky S, de Moura CS, et al. Associations between low- and high-dose oral fluconazole and pregnancy outcomes: 3 nested case-control studies. CMAJ. 2019;191:E179–87.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:830–9.
Sedgwick P. Relative risks versus odds ratios. BMJ. 2014;348: g1407.
George A, Stead TS, Ganti L. What’s the risk: differentiating risk ratios, odds ratios, and hazard ratios? Cureus [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 May 27]; Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/39455-whats-the-risk-differentiating-risk-ratios-odds-ratios-and-hazard-ratios.
VanderWeele TJ. Optimal approximate conversions of odds ratios and hazard ratios to risk ratios. Biometrics. 2020;76:746–52.
Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J, Rothstein H. Introduction to Meta-analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
Higgins JPT, Eldridge S, Li T (editors). Chapter 23: Including variants on randomized trials. Section 23.3.4: How to include multiple groups from one study. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. [Internet]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2023. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924–6.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
McMaster University and Evidence Prime. GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool. [Internet]. 2022. Available from: gradepro.org.
Howley MM, Carter TC, Browne ML, Romitti PA, Cunniff CM, Druschel CM, et al. Fluconazole use and birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(657):e1-9.
Jick SS. Pregnancy outcomes after maternal exposure to fluconazole. Pharmacotherapy. 1999;19:221–2.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mastroiacovo P, Mazzone T, Botto LD, Serafini MA, Finardi A, Caramelli L, et al. Prospective assessment of pregnancy outcomes after first-trimester exposure to fluconazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175:1645–50.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dormuth C, Winquist B, Fisher A, Wu F, Reynier P, Dahl M, et al. Use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and risks of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and major congenital malformation: an international, multi-centre cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2019;28:14.
Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Svanström H, Melbye M, Hviid A, Pasternak B. Association between use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth. JAMA. 2016;315:58–67.
Sorensen HT, Nielsen GL, Olesen C, Larsen H, Steffensen FH, Schønheyder HC, et al. Risk of malformations and other outcomes in children exposed to fluconazole in utero. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48:234–8.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
The European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCePP) Guide on Methodological Standards in Pharmacoepidemiology. Annex 2. Guidance on methods for the evaluation of medicines in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Chapter 4. Measuring maternal, pregnancy, and neonatal outcomes. Section 4.2. Safety outcomes. https://www.encepp.eu/standards_and_guidances/methodologicalGuideAnnex2.shtml#nine [accessed on 02.06.2024].
Nørgaard M, Pedersen L, Gislum M, Erichsen R, Søgaard KK, Schønheyder HC, et al. Maternal use of fluconazole and risk of congenital malformations: a Danish population-based cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:172–6.
Comments (0)