Conflict of interest

JEH, JTB, and SAR have nothing to disclose. DJS reports to have received clinical trial expenses from Pulmonx Corp, USA, Nuvaira, USA, PulmAir, USA, Apreo, USA, and FreeFlowMedical, consulting fees paid to the institution from Nuvaira, USA, MoreAir, USA, Apreo, USA, and PulmonX, USA, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events paid to the institution from PulmonX, USA and Nuvaira, USA, and support for attending meetings and/or travel from PulmonX, USA. KK reports to have received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers, bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from PulmonX.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

We gathered data from two different datasets. The first dataset comprised 100 patients who visited our outpatient clinic and underwent a CT scan guided by spirometry. Ethics approval was waived by the local EC due to the non-invasive character of the cohort (EC number: 2019/724). The second dataset consisted of 1030 patients who visited our hospital for a second opinion consultation regarding the possibility of a bronchoscopic intervention (registered under NCT04023409 and EC number: 2014/102). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.