Callander NS, Baljevic M, Adekola K, Anderson LD, Campagnaro E, Castillo JJ, et al. NCCN guidelines® insights: multiple myeloma, version 3.2022. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2022;20:8–19.
Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74:229–63.
Brigle K, Rogers B. Pathobiology and diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2017;33:225–36.
Rajkumar SV, Landgren O, Mateos M-V. Smoldering multiple myeloma. Blood. 2015;125:3069–75.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2024;99:1802–24.
Martino EA, Bruzzese A, Iaccino E, Mendicino F, Mimmi S, Lucia E, et al. Isatuximab in multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2023;23:315–8.
Bruzzese A, Martino EA, Vigna E, Iaccino E, Mendicino F, Lucia E, et al. Elotuzumab in multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2023;23:7–10.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Martino EA, Bruzzese A, Iaccino E, Labanca C, Mendicino F, Mimmi S, et al. Belantamab mafodotin in multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2023;23:1043–7.
van de Donk NWCJ, Zweegman S. Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2024;38:337–60.
Martino EA, Bruzzese A, Labanca C, Mendicino F, Lucia E, Olivito V, et al. Teclistamab-cqyv in multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol. 2024;112:320–7.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Shouse G. Bispecific antibodies for the treatment of hematologic malignancies: the magic is T-cell redirection. Blood Rev. 2025;69:101251.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Labanca C, Martino EA, Vigna E, Bruzzese A, Mendicino F, Lucia E, et al. Talquetamab in multiple myeloma: efficacy, safety, and future directions. Eur J Haematol. 2025;114:386–99.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Swan D, Madduri D, Hocking J. CAR-T cell therapy in multiple myeloma: current status and future challenges. Blood Cancer J. 2024;14:206.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Padala SA, Barsouk A, Barsouk A, Rawla P, Vakiti A, Kolhe R, et al. Epidemiology, staging, and management of multiple myeloma. Medical Sciences. 2021;9:3.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Jurczyszyn A, Suska A. Multiple myeloma. Encyclopedia of biomedical gerontology, academic press. 2019;461–78.
Waxman AJ, Mink PJ, Devesa SS, Anderson WF, Weiss BM, Kristinsson SY, et al. Racial disparities in incidence and outcome in multiple myeloma: a population-based study. Blood. 2010;116:5501–6.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Cowan AJ, Allen C, Barac A, Basaleem H, Bensenor I, Curado MP, et al. Global burden of multiple myeloma. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4:1221.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Schinasi LH, Brown EE, Camp NJ, Wang SS, Hofmann JN, Chiu BC, et al. Multiple myeloma and family history of lymphohaematopoietic cancers: results from the International Multiple Myeloma Consortium. Br J Haematol. 2016;175:87–101.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kaur J, Valisekka SS, Hameed M, Bandi PS, Varma S, Onwughalu CJ, et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a comprehensive review. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2023;23:e195-212.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Nwabuko OC. Multiple myeloma: risk factors, pathogenesis and relationship with anti-myeloma therapies. J Explor Res Pharmacol. 2023;000:000–000.
Sadeghian M, Ayatollahi H, Keramati M, Memar B, Jamedar S, Avval M, et al. The association of Epstein-Barr Virus infection with multiple myeloma. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2011;54:720.
Rettig MB, Ma HJ, Vescio RA, Põld M, Schiller G, Belson D, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of bone marrow dendritic cells from multiple myeloma patients. Science. 1979;1997(276):1851–4.
Tentolouris A, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Terpos E. Obesity and multiple myeloma: emerging mechanisms and perspectives. Semin Cancer Biol. 2023;92:45–60.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Weir CB, Jan A. BMI classification percentile and cut off points. 2023. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.
Ahmad N, Adam SM, Nawi A, Hassan M, Ghazi H. Abdominal obesity indicators: waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio in Malaysian adults population. Int J Prev Med. 2016;7:82.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tchernof A, Després J-P. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update. Physiol Rev. 2013;93:359–404.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Goodwin PJ, Stambolic V. Impact of the obesity epidemic on cancer. Annu Rev Med. 2015;66:281–96.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Friedman GD, Herrinton LJ. Obesity and multiple myeloma. Cancer Causes Control. 1994;5:479–83.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Birmann BM, Andreotti G, De Roos AJ, Camp NJ, Chiu BCH, Spinelli JJ, et al. Young adult and usual adult body mass index and multiple myeloma risk: a pooled analysis in the International Multiple Myeloma Consortium (IMMC). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017;26:876–85.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Teras LR, Kitahara CM, Birmann BM, Hartge PA, Wang SS, Robien K, et al. Body size and multiple myeloma mortality: a pooled analysis of 20 prospective studies. Br J Haematol. 2014;166:667–76.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tie W, Ma T, Yi Z, Liu J, Li Y, Bai J, et al. Obesity as a risk factor for multiple myeloma: insight on the role of adipokines. Pathol Oncol Res. 2023;29:1611338.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Morris EV, Edwards CM. Adipokines, adiposity, and bone marrow adipocytes: dangerous accomplices in multiple myeloma. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233:9159–66.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Chang S-H, Luo S, Thomas TS, O’Brian KK, Colditz GA, Carlsson NP, et al. Obesity and the transformation of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma: a population-based cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109:djw264.
Thordardottir M, Lindqvist EK, Lund SH, Costello R, Burton D, Korde N, et al. Obesity and risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and progression to multiple myeloma: a population-based study. Blood Adv. 2017;1:2186–92.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Veld J, O’Donnell EK, Reagan MR, Yee AJ, Torriani M, Rosen CJ, et al. Abdominal adipose tissue in MGUS and multiple myeloma. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45:1277–83.
Comments (0)