Jastreboff AM, Kotz CM, Kahan S, et al. Obesity as a disease: the obesity society 2018 position statement. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27:7–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22378.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Lorenzo A, Soldati L, Sarlo F, et al. New obesity classification criteria as a tool for bariatric surgery indication. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:681–703. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.681.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Lorenzo A, Gratteri S, Gualtieri P, et al. Why primary obesity is a disease? J Transl Med. 2019;17:169. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-1919-y.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Lorenzo A, Bianchi A, Maroni P, et al. Adiposity rather than BMI determines metabolic risk. Int J Cardiol. 2013;166:111–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Souza ACDAH, Troschel AS, Marquardt JP, et al. Skeletal muscle adiposity, coronary microvascular dysfunction, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Eur Heart J. 2025;46:1112–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehae827.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deurenberg P, Andreoli A, Borg P, et al. The validity of predicted body fat percentage from body mass index and from impedance in samples of five European populations. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55:973–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601254.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kesztyüs D, Lampl J, Kesztyüs T. The weight problem: overview of the most common concepts for body mass and fat distribution and critical consideration of their usefulness for risk assessment and practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:11070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111070.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim D-S, Scherer PE. Obesity, diabetes, and increased cancer progression. Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45:799–812. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0077.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Di Renzo L, Rizzo M, Sarlo F, et al. Effects of dark chocolate in a population of normal weight obese women: a pilot study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17:2257–66.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frank AP, de Souza SR, Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Determinants of body fat distribution in humans may provide insight about obesity-related health risks. J Lipid Res. 2019;60:1710–9. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R086975.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Lorenzo A, Deurenberg P, Pietrantuono M, et al. How fat is obese? Acta Diabetol. 2003;40(Suppl 1):S254-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-003-0079-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Renzo L, Noce A, De Angelis S, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of combined treatment with acetyl salicylic acid and atorvastatin in haemodialysis patients affected by Normal Weight Obese syndrome. Pharmacol Res. 2008;57:93–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2007.11.005.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Lorenzo A, Romano L, Di Renzo L, et al. Obesity: a preventable, treatable, but relapsing disease. Nutrition. 2020;71:110615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.110615.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Lorenzo A, Costacurta M, Merra G, et al. Can psychobiotics intake modulate psychological profile and body composition of women affected by normal weight obese syndrome and obesity? A double blind randomized clinical trial. J Transl Med. 2017;15:135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-017-1236-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ortega FB, Lee D-C, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. The intriguing metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: cardiovascular prognosis and role of fitness. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:389–97. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs174.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grey A, Bolland MJ, Avenell A, et al. Check for publication integrity before misconduct. Nature. 2020;577:167–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-03959-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim J, Kang S, Kang H. Normal-weight obesity and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a population-based cross-sectional study. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11: 2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11162303.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahn CW, Shin S, Lee S, et al. Association of shift work with normal-weight obesity in community-dwelling adults. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2022;37:781–90. https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1532.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gebremedhin S, Mekonene M, Hagos S, et al. Association between normal-weight obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Sci Rep. 2023;13:22772. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49039-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhu Y, Wang Z, Maruyama H, et al. Body fat percentage and normal-weight obesity in the Chinese population: development of a simple evaluation indicator using anthropometric measurements. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19: 4238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074238.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parfenteva OI, Kulemin NA, Bondareva EA, Ahmetov II. Prevalence and predictors of normal-weight obesity among women. Nutrients. 2024;16: 2579. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162579.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

M Y, Trivedi N, Makwana N, et al. Prevalence of normal weight obesity and its cardiometabolic implications among government doctors in Gujarat, India: a cross-sectional study. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024;10:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-024-00189-2.

Ji T, Zhang L, Tang Z, et al. Prevalence of normal-weight obesity in community-dwelling Chinese older adults: results from the Beijing longitudinal study of aging. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:1611–7. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S246884.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cho Y-H, Sakong H, Oh M-J, Seo T-B. Assessing the Risk of normal weight obesity in Korean women across generations: a study on body composition and physical fitness. Healthcare (Basel). 2024;12: 1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12111142.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang M, Schumann M, Huang T, et al. Normal weight obesity and physical fitness in Chinese university students: an overlooked association. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1334. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6238-3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

da Silva Coelho CC, Bragança ML, de Oliveira BR, et al. Incidence of metabolic syndrome in adults with healthy weight, normal weight obesity, and overweight/obesity. Nutrition. 2021;85:111134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111134.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hadaye RS, Manapurath RM, Gadapani BP. Obesity Prevalence and Determinants among Young Adults, with Special Focus on Normal-Weight Obesity; A Cross-Sectional Study in Mumbai. Indian J Comm Med. 2020;45:358–62. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_408_19.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kapoor N, Lotfaliany M, Sathish T, et al. Prevalence of normal weight obesity and its associated cardio-metabolic risk factors - Results from the baseline data of the Kerala Diabetes Prevention Program (KDPP). PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0237974. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237974.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yogesh M, Mody M, Makwana N, Patel J. Exploring the silent epidemic: investigating the hidden burden of normal weight obesity in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in India - a cross-sectional study. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024;10:47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-024-00199-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poobalan A, Aucott L. Obesity Among Young Adults in Developing Countries: A Systematic Overview. Curr Obes Rep. 2016;5:2–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-016-0187-x.

Article  PubMed