ISSVA Classification of Vascular Anomalies ©2018 International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies Available at: issva.org/classification. Accessed 17.11.2024

Akers A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Awad IA, Dahlem K, Flemming K, Hart B, Kim H, Jusue-Torres I, Kondziolka D, Lee C, Morrison L, Rigamonti D, Rebeiz T, Tournier-Lasserve E, Waggoner D, Whitehead K. Synopsis of guidelines for the clinical management of cerebral cavernous malformations: consensus recommendations based on systematic literature review by the angioma alliance scientific advisory board clinical experts panel. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(5):665–80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Idiculla PS, Gurala D, Philipose J, Rajdev K, Patibandla P. Cerebral cavernous malformations, developmental venous anomaly, and its coexistence: a review. Eur Neurol. 2020;83(4):360–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

San MillánRuíz D, Delavelle J, Yilmaz H, Gailloud P, Piovan E, Bertramello A, et al. Parenchymal abnormalities associated with de- velopmental venous anomalies. Neuroradiology. 2007;49(12):987–95.

Article  Google Scholar 

Das KK, Rangari K, Singh S, Bhaisora KS, Jaiswal AK, Behari S. Coexistent cerebral cavernous malformation and developmental venous anomaly: does an aggressive natural history always call for surgical intervention? Asian J Neurosurg. 2019;14(1):318–21. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajns.AJNS_196_18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abdulrauf SI, Kaynar MY, Awad IA. A com- parison of the clinical profile of cavernous malformations with and without associated venous malformations. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(1):41–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith ER. Cavernous malformations of the central nervous system. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(11):1022–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tasiou A, et al. Cavernous malformations of the central nervous system: An international consensus statement. Brain and Spine. 2023;3:102707 (ISSN 2772-5294).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moore SA, Brown RD Jr, Christianson TJ, Flemming KD. Long-term natural history of incidentally discovered cavernous malformations in a single-center cohort. J Neurosurg. 2014;120(5):1188–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sandmann ACA, Kempeneers MA, van den Berg R, Verbaan D, Vandertop WP, Coutinho JM. Clinical course of patients with conservatively managed cerebral cavernous malformations. Eur Stroke J. 2024;9(3):667–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zabramski JM, Wascher TM, Spetzler RF, Johnson B, Golfinos J, Drayer BP, Brown B, Rigamonti D, Brown G. The natural history of familial cavernous malformations: results of an ongoing study. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:422–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dalyai RT, Ghobrial G, Awad I, et al. Management of incidental cavernous malformations: a review. Neurosurg Focus. 2011;31(6):E5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Polster SP, Stadnik A, Akers AL, Cao Y, Christoforidis GA, Fam MD, Flemming KD, Girard R, Hobson N, Koenig JI, Koskimäki J, Lane K, Liao JK, Lee C, Lyne SB, McBee N, Morrison L, Piedad K, Shenkar R, Sorrentino M, Thompson RE, Whitehead KJ, Zeineddine HA, Hanley DF, Awad IA. Atorvastatin treatment of cavernous angiomas with symptomatic hemorrhage exploratory proof of concept (AT CASH EPOC) Trial. Neurosurgery. 2019;85(6):843–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyy539.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Retta SF, Glading AJ. Oxidative stress and inflammation in cerebral cavernous malformation disease pathogenesis: two sides of the same coin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2016;81(Pt B):254–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.011.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wurm G, Schnizer M, Fellner FA. Cerebral cavernous malformations associated with venous anomalies: surgical considerations. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(1 Suppl):42–58.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amin-Hanjani S, Ogilvy CS, Ojemann RG, Crowell RM. Risks of surgical management for cavernous malformations of the nervous system. Neurosurgery. 1998;42(6):1220–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199806000-00007.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bubenikova A, Skalicky P, Benes V Jr, Benes V Sr, Bradac O. Overview of cerebral cavernous malformations: comparison of treatment approaches. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022;93(5):475–80. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-328658.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zanello M. Resection of cavernous angioma located in eloquent areas using functional cortical and subcortical mapping under awake conditions. Outcomes in a 50-case multicentre series. Neurochirurgie. 2017;63(3):219–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tos SM, et al. Radiosurgery for intracranial cavernous malformations: international stereotactic radiosurgery society, systematic review, meta-analysis, and practice guidelines. World Neurosurg. 2024;192:e366–401 (ISSN 1878-8750).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim BS, Kim KH, Lee MH, Lee JI. Stereotactic radiosurgery for brainstem cavernous malformations: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2019;130:e648–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.06.183.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khallaf M, Abdelrahman M. Supratentorial cavernoma and epilepsy: experience with 23 cases and literature review. Surg Neurol Int. 2019;10:117. https://doi.org/10.25259/SNI-178-2019.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rosenow F, Alonso-Vanegas MA, Baumgartner C, et al. Cavernoma-related epilepsy: review and recommendations for management–report of the surgical task force of the ILAE commission on therapeutic strategies. Epilepsia. 2013;54(12):2025–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baumann CR, Acciarri N, Bertalanffy H, Devinsky O, Elger CE, Lo Russo G, Cossu M, Sure U, Singh A, Stefan H, Hammen T, Georgiadis D, Baumgartner RW, Andermann F, Siegel AM. Seizure outcome after resection of supratentorial cavernous malformations: a study of 168 patients. Epilepsia. 2007;48(3):559–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00941.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kapadia M, Walwema M, Smith TR, Bellinski I, Batjer H, Getch C, Rosenow JM, Bendok BR, Schuele SU. Seizure outcome in patients with cavernous malformation after early surgery. Epilepsy Behav. 2021;115:107662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107662.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dulamea AO, Lupescu IC. Cerebral cavernous malformations - an overview on genetics, clinical aspects and therapeutic strategies. J Neurol Sci. 2024;461:123044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2024.123044.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oldenburg J. Propranolol reduces the development of lesions and rescues barrier function in cerebral cavernous malformations a preclinical study. Stroke. 2021;52(4):1418–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lanfranconi S, Scola E, Meessen JMTA, Pallini R, Bertani GA, Al-Shahi Salman R, Dejana E, Latini R. Treat_CCM Investigators. Safety and efficacy of propranolol for treatment of familial cerebral cavernous malformations (Treat_CCM): a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint, phase 2 pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(1):35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00409-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zabramski JM, Kalani MYS, Filippidis AS, Spetzler RF. Propranolol treatment of cavernous malformations with symptomatic hemorrhage. World Neurosurg. 2016;88:631–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reinhard M, Schuchardt F, Meckel S, Heinz J, Felbor U, Sure U, Geisen U. Propranolol stops progressive multiple cerebral cavernoma in an adult patient. J Neurol Sci. 2016;15(367):15–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2016.04.053.

Article  Google Scholar 

Whitehead KJ, Chan AC, Navankasattusas S, Koh W, London NR, Ling J, Mayo AH, Drakos SG, Jones CA, Zhu W, et al. The cerebral cav- ernous malformation signaling pathway promotes vascular integrity via Rho GTPases. Nat Med. 2009;15:177–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McDonald D, et al. Fasudil decreases lesion burden in a murine model of cerebral cavernous malformation disease. Stroke. 2012;43(2):571–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed