Herman ST, Abend NS, Bleck TP, Chapman KE, Drislane FW, Emerson RG, et al. Consensus statement on continuous EEG in critically ill adults and children, part I: indications. J Clin Neurophysiol Off Publ Am Electroencephalogr Soc. 2015;32(2):87–95.

Google Scholar 

Fenter H, Rossetti AO, Beuchat I. Continuous versus routine electroencephalography in the intensive care unit: a review of current evidence. Eur Neurol. 2024;87(1):17–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ronne-Engstrom E, Winkler T. Continuous EEG monitoring in patients with traumatic brain injury reveals a high incidence of epileptiform activity. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;114(1):47–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alvarez V, Rodriguez Ruiz AA, LaRoche S, Hirsch LJ, Parres C, Voinescu PE, et al. The use and yield of continuous EEG in critically ill patients: a comparative study of three centers. Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(4):570–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Parikh H, Hoffman K, Sun H, Zafar SF, Ge W, Jing J, et al. Effects of epileptiform activity on discharge outcome in critically ill patients in the USA: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Lancet Digit Health. 2023;5(8):e495-502.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Payne ET, Zhao XY, Frndova H, McBain K, Sharma R, Hutchison JS, et al. Seizure burden is independently associated with short term outcome in critically ill children. Brain J Neurol. 2014;137(Pt 5):1429–38.

Article  Google Scholar 

Herman ST, Abend NS, Bleck TP, Chapman KE, Drislane FW, Emerson RG, et al. Consensus statement on continuous EEG in critically ill adults and children, part II: personnel, technical specifications, and clinical practice. J Clin Neurophysiol Off Publ Am Electroencephalogr Soc. 2015;32(2):96–108.

Google Scholar 

Kubota Y, Nakamoto H, Egawa S, Kawamata T. Continuous EEG monitoring in ICU. J Intensive Care. 2018;6:39.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hirsch LJ, Fong MWK, Leitinger M, LaRoche SM, Beniczky S, Abend NS, et al. American clinical neurophysiology society’s standardized critical care EEG terminology: 2021 version. J Clin Neurophysiol Off Publ Am Electroencephalogr Soc. 2021;38(1):1–29.

Google Scholar 

DeLorenzo RJ, Waterhouse EJ, Towne AR, Boggs JG, Ko D, DeLorenzo GA, et al. Persistent nonconvulsive status epilepticus after the control of convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1998;39(8):833–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rittenberger JC, Popescu A, Brenner RP, Guyette FX, Callaway CW. Frequency and timing of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose post-cardiac arrest subjects treated with hypothermia. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(1):114–22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abend NS, Gutierrez-Colina AM, Topjian AA, Zhao H, Guo R, Donnelly M, et al. Nonconvulsive seizures are common in critically ill children. Neurology. 2011;76(12):1071–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abend NS, Arndt DH, Carpenter JL, Chapman KE, Cornett KM, Gallentine WB, et al. Electrographic seizures in pediatric ICU patients: cohort study of risk factors and mortality. Neurology. 2013;81(4):383–91.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arndt DH, Lerner JT, Matsumoto JH, Madikians A, Yudovin S, Valino H, et al. Subclinical early posttraumatic seizures detected by continuous EEG monitoring in a consecutive pediatric cohort. Epilepsia. 2013;54(10):1780–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Claassen J, Mayer SA, Kowalski RG, Emerson RG, Hirsch LJ. Detection of electrographic seizures with continuous EEG monitoring in critically ill patients. Neurology. 2004;62(10):1743–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crepeau AZ, Rabinstein AA, Fugate JE, Mandrekar J, Wijdicks EF, White RD, et al. Continuous EEG in therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: prognostic and clinical value. Neurology. 2013;80(4):339–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hasbani DM, Topjian AA, Friess SH, Kilbaugh TJ, Berg RA, Christian CW, et al. Nonconvulsive electrographic seizures are common in children with abusive head trauma*. Pediatr Crit Care Med J Soc Crit Care Med World Fed Pediatr Intensive Crit Care Soc. 2013;14(7):709–15.

Google Scholar 

Jette N, Claassen J, Emerson RG, Hirsch LJ. Frequency and predictors of nonconvulsive seizures during continuous electroencephalographic monitoring in critically ill children. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(12):1750–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sánchez SM, Arndt DH, Carpenter JL, Chapman KE, Cornett KM, Dlugos DJ, et al. Electroencephalography monitoring in critically ill children: current practice and implications for future study design. Epilepsia. 2013;54(8):1419–27.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schreiber JM, Zelleke T, Gaillard WD, Kaulas H, Dean N, Carpenter JL. Continuous video EEG for patients with acute encephalopathy in a pediatric intensive care unit. Neurocrit Care. 2012;17(1):31–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vespa PM, Nuwer MR, Nenov V, Ronne-Engstrom E, Hovda DA, Bergsneider M, et al. Increased incidence and impact of nonconvulsive and convulsive seizures after traumatic brain injury as detected by continuous electroencephalographic monitoring. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(5):750–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Williams K, Jarrar R, Buchhalter J. Continuous video-EEG monitoring in pediatric intensive care units. Epilepsia. 2011;52(6):1130–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Knight WA, Hart KW, Adeoye OM, Bonomo JB, Keegan SP, Ficker DM, et al. The incidence of seizures in patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Epilepsy Res. 2013;106(3):396–402.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Legriel S, Hilly-Ginoux J, Resche-Rigon M, Merceron S, Pinoteau J, Henry-Lagarrigue M, et al. Prognostic value of electrographic postanoxic status epilepticus in comatose cardiac-arrest survivors in the therapeutic hypothermia era. Resuscitation. 2013;84(3):343–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mani R, Schmitt SE, Mazer M, Putt ME, Gaieski DF. The frequency and timing of epileptiform activity on continuous electroencephalogram in comatose post-cardiac arrest syndrome patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation. 2012;83(7):840–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vespa PM, Miller C, McArthur D, Eliseo M, Etchepare M, Hirt D, et al. Nonconvulsive electrographic seizures after traumatic brain injury result in a delayed, prolonged increase in intracranial pressure and metabolic crisis. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(12):2830–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cooper AD, Britton JW, Rabinstein AA. Functional and cognitive outcome in prolonged refractory status epilepticus. Arch Neurol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2025 Feb 1];66(12). Available from: http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archneurol.2009.273.

Kurtz P, Gaspard N, Wahl AS, Bauer RM, Hirsch LJ, Wunsch H, et al. Continuous electroencephalography in a surgical intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(2):228–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Towne AR, Waterhouse EJ, Boggs JG, Garnett LK, Brown AJ, Smith JR, et al. Prevalence of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose patients. Neurology. 2000;54(2):340–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oddo M, Carrera E, Claassen J, Mayer SA, Hirsch LJ. Continuous electroencephalography in the medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(6):2051–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alessandri F, Badenes R, Bilotta F. Seizures and sepsis: a narrative review. J Clin Med. 2021;10(5):1041.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sutter R, Rüegg S, Kaplan PW. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of nonconvulsive status epilepticus: opening Pandora’s box. Neurol Clin Pract. 2012;2(4):275–86.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Benbadis SR, Chen S, Melo M. What’s shaking in the ICU? The differential diagnosis of seizures in the intensive care setting. Epilepsia. 2010;51(11):2338–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boesebeck F, Freermann S, Kellinghaus C, Evers S. Misdiagnosis of epileptic and non-epileptic seizures in a neurological intensive care unit. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010;122(3):189–95.