Kelsey JL. Observational epidemiology. In: Heggenhougen HK, editor. International Encyclopedia of Public Health. Oxford: Academic; 2008. pp. 609–20.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

van Eeden AE, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021;34(6):515–24.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Review of the burden of eating disorders: mortality, disability, costs, quality of life, and family burden. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2020;33(6):521–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smink FRE, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012;14(4):406–14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bemporad JR. Self-starvation through the ages: reflections on the pre-history of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 1996;19(3):217–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Jorge Martínez C, Rukh G, Williams MJ, Gaudio S, Brooks S, Schiöth HB. Genetics of anorexia nervosa: an overview of genome-wide association studies and emerging biological links. J Genet Genomics. 2022;49(1):1–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watson HJ, Yilmaz Z, Thornton LM, Hübel C, Coleman JRI, Gaspar HA, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa. Nat Genet. 2019;51(8):1207–14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lilenfeld LR, Kaye WH, Greeno CG, Merikangas KR, Plotnicov K, Pollice C, et al. A controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives and effects of proband comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(7):603–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holland A, Hall A, Murray R, Russell G, Crisp A. Anorexia nervosa: a study of 34 twin pairs and one set of triplets. Br J Psychiatry. 1984;145(4):414–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holland AJ, Sicotte N, Treasure J. Anorexia nervosa: evidence for a genetic basis. J Psychosom Res. 1988;32(6):561–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klump KL, Miller K, Keel P, McGue M, Iacono W. Genetic and environmental influences on anorexia nervosa syndromes in a population–based twin sample. Psychol Med. 2001;31(4):737–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kortegaard LS, Hoerder K, Joergensen J, Gillberg C, Kyvik KO. A preliminary population-based twin study of self-reported eating disorder. Psychol Med. 2001;31(2):361–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wade TD, Bulik CM, Neale M, Kendler KS. Anorexia nervosa and major depression: shared genetic and environmental risk factors. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(3):469–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walters EE, Kendler KS. Anorexia nervosa and anorexic-like syndromes in a population-based female twin sample. Am J Psychiatry. 1995.

Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Tozzi F, Furberg H, Lichtenstein P, Pedersen NL. Prevalence, heritability, and prospective risk factors for anorexia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(3):305–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yilmaz Z, Hardaway JA, Bulik CM. Genetics and epigenetics of Eating disorders. Adv Genomics Genet. 2015;5:131–50.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dellava JE, Thornton LM, Lichtenstein P, Pedersen NL, Bulik CM. Impact of broadening definitions of anorexia nervosa on sample characteristics. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(5):691–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eddy KT, Tabri N, Thomas JJ, Murray HB, Keshaviah A, Hastings E, et al. Recovery from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa at 22-year follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(2):0.

Article  Google Scholar 

Steinhausen H-C. The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(8):1284–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wonderlich SA, Bulik CM, Schmidt U, Steiger H, Hoek HW. Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: update and observations about the current clinical reality. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(8):1303–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Broomfield C, Stedal K, Touyz S, Rhodes P. Labeling and defining severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and critical analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50(6):611–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hay P, Touyz S. Classification challenges in the field of eating disorders: can severe and enduring anorexia nervosa be better defined? J Eat Disord. 2018;6:41.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Broomfield C, Stedal K, Touyz S. The Neuropsychological Profile of severe and Enduring Anorexia Nervosa: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2021;12:708536.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Keyes CL, Dhingra SS, Simoes EJ. Change in level of positive mental health as a predictor of future risk of mental illness. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(12):2366–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tomczyk S, Schlick S, Gansler T, McLaren T, Muehlan H, Peter LJ, et al. Continuum beliefs of mental illness: a systematic review of measures. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2023;58(1):1–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang J, Wray NR, Visscher PM. Comparing apples and oranges: equating the power of case-control and quantitative trait association studies. Genet Epidemiol. 2010;34(3):254–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strom NI, Grove J, Meier SM, Bækvad-Hansen M, Becker Nissen J, Damm Als T, et al. Polygenic heterogeneity across obsessive-compulsive disorder subgroups defined by a comorbid diagnosis. Front Genet. 2021;12:711624.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahangari M, Bustamante D, Kirkpatrick R, Nguyen TH, Verrelli BC, Fanous A, et al. Relationship between polygenic risk scores and symptom dimensions of schizophrenia and schizotypy in multiplex families with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2023;223(1):301–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verduijn J, Milaneschi Y, Peyrot WJ, Hottenga JJ, Abdellaoui A, de Geus EJC, et al. Using clinical characteristics to identify which patients with Major Depressive Disorder have a higher genetic load for Three Psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81(4):316–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Antaki D, Guevara J, Maihofer AX, Klein M, Gujral M, Grove J, et al. A phenotypic spectrum of autism is attributable to the combined effects of rare variants, polygenic risk and sex. Nat Genet. 2022;54(9):1284–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wand H, Lambert SA, Tamburro C, Iacocca MA, O’Sullivan JW, Sillari C, et al. Improving reporting standards for polygenic scores in risk prediction studies. Nature. 2021;591(7849):211–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hübel C, Leppä V, Breen G, Bulik CM. Rigor and reproducibility in genetic research on eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2018;51(7):593–607.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun B, Li D, Liu W, Zhan S, Pan Y, Zhang X. Surgical treatments for Anorexia Nervosa. In: Sun B, Salles AD, editors. Neurosurgical treatments for Psychiatric disorders. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2015. pp. 175–87.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Broomfield C, Noetel M, Stedal K, Hay P, Touyz S. Establishing consensus for labeling and defining the later stage of anorexia nervosa: a Delphi study. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54(10):1865–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raykos BC, Erceg-Hurn DM, McEvoy PM, Fursland A, Waller G. Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa? Illness severity and duration are unrelated to outcomes from cognitive behaviour therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2018;86(8):702–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ambwani S, Cardi V, Albano G, Cao L, Crosby RD, Macdonald P, et al. A multicenter audit of outpatient care for adult anorexia nervosa: Symptom trajectory, service use, and evidence in support of early stage versus severe and enduring classification. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(8):1337–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fernandes Arroteia I, Husch A, Baniasadi M, Hertel F. Impressive weight gain after deep brain stimulation of nucleus accumbens in treatment-resistant bulimic anorexia nervosa. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(11).

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duncan L, Yilmaz Z, Gaspar H, Walters R, Goldstein J, Anttila V, et al. Significant locus and metabolic genetic correlations revealed in genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(9):850–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Robinson P. Severe and enduring eating disorder (SEED): management of Complex presentations of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa. Wiley; 2009.

Touyz S, Le Grange D, Lacey H, Hay P, Smith R, Maguire S, et al. Treating severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2013;43(12):2501–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar