van Niel G. Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles. Nat Revi Mol Cell Biol. 2018;19(4):213–28.

Article  Google Scholar 

Théry C, Zitvogel L, Amigorena S. Exosomes: composition, biogenesis and function. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002;2(8):569–79.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pegtel DM, Gould SJ. Exosomes. Annu Rev Biochem. 2019;88:487–514.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kalluri R, LeBleu VS. The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science. 2020;367(6478):6977.

Article  Google Scholar 

Natasha G, Gundogan B, Tan A, Farhatnia Y, Wu W, Rajadas J, Seifalian AM. Exosomes as immunotheranostic nanoparticles. Clin Ther. 2014;36(6):820–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Turchinovich A, Weiz L, Langheinz A, Burwinkel B. Characterization of extracellular circulating microRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011;39(16):7223–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stoorvogel W, Kleijmeer MJ, Geuze HJ, Raposo G. The biogenesis and functions of exosomes. Traffic. 2002;3(5):321–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fan L, Yao L, Li Z, Wan Z, Sun W, Qiu S, Zhang W, Xiao D, Song L, Yang G. Exosome-based mitochondrial delivery of circRNA mSCAR alleviates sepsis by orchestrating macrophage activation. Advanced Science. 2023;10(14):2205692.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Behera J, Kumar A, Voor MJ, Tyagi N. Exosomal lncRNA-H19 promotes osteogenesis and angiogenesis through mediating Angpt1/Tie2-NO signaling in CBS-heterozygous mice. Theranostics. 2021;11(16):7715.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yaoyun K, Lin Z, Xiaoyu A, Vivek V, Ertugrul K, Dirk MH, Arshad M, Mathias B, Thorsten RD. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce autophagy in stroke mice by extracellular vesicle transfer of miR-25. J Extracellular Vesicles. 2020;10(1):8.

Google Scholar 

Huan Z, Rui-Xin W, Xiao-Tao H, Ying A, Xin-Yue X, Hai-Hua S, Li-An W, Fa-Ming C. Periodontitis-compromised dental pulp stem cells secrete extracellular vesicles carrying miRNA-378a promote local angiogenesis by targeting Sufu to activate the Hedgehog/Gli1 signalling. Cell Prolif. 2021;54(5):89.

Google Scholar 

Dong L, Pu Y, Zhang L, Qi Q, Xu L, Li W, Wei C, Wang X, Zhou S, Zhu J, et al. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote lung adenocarcinoma growth by transferring miR-410. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(2):218.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kogure A, Kosaka N, Ochiya T. Cross-talk between cancer cells and their neighbors via miRNA in extracellular vesicles: an emerging player in cancer metastasis. J Biomed Sci. 2019;26(1):45.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hadi Valadi KE. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2007;9(6):654–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiong J, Fan Y, Wang Y, Luo J, Chen T, Sun J, Xi Q, Zhang Y. New signaling kid on the block in the endocrine system: the role of extracellular vesicles. Endocrinology. 2023;164(8):099.

Article  Google Scholar 

Crewe C, Joffin N, Rutkowski JM, Kim M, Scherer PE. An endothelial-to-adipocyte extracellular vesicle axis governed by metabolic state. Cell. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1530/ey.16.11.8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma S, Shao S, Yang C, Yao Z, Gao L, Chen W. A preliminary study: proteomic analysis of exosomes derived from thyroid-stimulating hormone-stimulated HepG2 cells. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(9):1229–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heiston EM, Ballantyne A, Stewart NR, La Salvia S, Musante L, Lanningan J, Erdbrügger U, Malin SK. Metabolism: Insulin infusion decreases medium-sized extracellular vesicles in adults with metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab. 2022;323:380.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhou C, Shen S, Moran R, Deng N, Marbán E, Melmed S. Pituitary somatotroph adenoma-derived exosomes: characterization of nonhormonal actions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;107(2):379–97.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin MT, Ho LT, Uang WN. Effects of anterior pituitary hormones and their releasing hormones on physiological and behavioral functions in rats. J Steroid Biochem. 1983;19(12):433–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takeuchi YJCC. Hormones and osteoporosis update. Possible roles of pituitary hormones, TSH and FSH, for bone metabolism. Clin Calcium. 2009;19(7):977–83.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weiss S, Bergland R, Page R, Turpen C, Hymer WC. Pituitary cell transplants to the cerebral ventricles promote growth of hypophysectomized rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1978;159(3):409–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thorner MO, Vance ML, Hartman ML, Holl RW, Evans WS, Veldhuis JD, Van Cauter E, Copinschi G, Bowers CY. Physiological role of somatostatin on growth hormone regulation in humans. Metabolism. 1990;39(9):40–2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frohman LA, Jansson JO. Growth hormone-releasing hormone. Endocr Rev. 1986;7(3):223–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berelowitz M, Szabo M, Frohman LA, Firestone S, Chu L, Hintz RL. Somatomedin-C mediates growth hormone negative feedback by effects on both the hypothalamus and the pituitary. Science. 1981;212(4500):1279–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schwander JC, Hauri C, Zapf J, Froesch ER. Synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor and its binding protein by the perfused rat liver: dependence on growth hormone status. Endocrinology. 1983;113(1):297–305.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiong Y, Tang Y, Fan F, Zeng Y, Liu Z. Exosomal hsa-miR-21-5p derived from growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma promotes abnormal bone formation in acromegaly. Transl Res. 2019;215:1–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao P, Cheng J, Li B, Nie D, Zhang Y. Toxicology: Up-regulation of the expressions of MiR-149–5p and MiR-99a-3p in exosome inhibits the progress of pituitary adenomas. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2021;37:1–19.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Liu YT, Tang H, Xie WQ, Yao H, Gu WT, Zheng YZ, Shang HB, Wang Y, Wei YX. Exosome-transmitted lncRNA H19 inhibits the growth of pituitary adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(12):6345–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiong J, Zhang H, Zeng B, Liu J, Luo J, Chen T, Sun J, Xi Q, Zhang Y. An exploration of non-coding RNAs in extracellular vesicles delivered by swine anterior pituitary. Front Genet. 2021;12: 772753.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barb C, Barrett J, Wright J, Kraeling R, Rampacek G. Opioid modulation of LH secretion by pig pituitary cells in vitro. Reproduction. 1990;90(1):213–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lin J, Barb C, Kraeling R, Rampacek G. Growth hormone releasing factor decreases long form leptin receptor expression in porcine anterior pituitary cells. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2003;24(2):95–101.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ye R-S, Xi Q-Y, Qi Q, Cheng X, Chen T, Li H, Kallon S, Shu G, Wang S-B, Jiang Q-Y. Differentially expressed miRNAs after GnRH treatment and their potential roles in FSH regulation in porcine anterior pituitary cell. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(2): e57156.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qi Q-E, Xi Q-Y, Ye R-S, Chen T, Cheng X, Li C-Y, Zhu X-T, Shu G, Wang L-N, Jiang Q-Y. Alteration of the miRNA expression profile in male porcine anterior pituitary cells in response to GHRH and CST and analysis of the potential roles for miRNAs in regulating GH. Growth Hormon IGF Res. 2015;25(2):66–74.

Article