Drake, J. C. & Yan, Z. Targeting healthspan to optimally combat non-communicable disease in an aging world. Sports Med Health Sci. 1, 59–60 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol. 23, 344–381 (2024).

Gauthier, S. Rosa-Neto, P. Morais, J. A. & Webster, C. World Alzheimer Report 2021: Journey through the diagnosis of dementia. Alzheimer's Disease International. https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2021/ (2021).

Garre-Olmo, J. Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Rev. Neurol. 66, 377–386 (2018).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

2024 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 20, 3708–3821 (2024).

Jia, J. et al. The cost of Alzheimer’s disease in China and re-estimation of costs worldwide. Alzheimers Dement 14, 483–491 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang, W. et al. Current and projected future economic burden of Parkinson’s disease in the U.S. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 6, 15 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rodríguez-Santana, I. et al. Economic burden of Huntington disease in Europe and the USA: Results from the Huntington’s Disease Burden of Illness study. Eur. J. Neurol. 30, 1109–1117 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foltynie, T. et al. Medical, surgical, and physical treatments for Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 403, 305–324 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghosh, R. & Tabrizi, S. J. Clinical Features of Huntington’s Disease. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1049, 1–28 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neylan, K. D. & Miller, B. L. New Approaches to the Treatment of Frontotemporal Dementia. Neurotherapeutics 20, 1055–1065 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo, S., Rabbani, Q. & Crone, N. E. Brain-Computer Interface: Applications to Speech Decoding and Synthesis to Augment Communication. Neurotherapeutics 19, 263–273 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pirasteh, A., Shamseini Ghiyasvand, M. & Pouladian, M. EEG-based brain-computer interface methods with the aim of rehabilitating advanced stage ALS patients. Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 19, 3183–3193 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tabrizi, S. J., Ghosh, R. & Leavitt, B. R. Huntingtin Lowering Strategies for Disease Modification in Huntington’s Disease. Neuron 101, 801–819 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jucker, M. & Walker, L. C. Alzheimer’s disease: From immunotherapy to immunoprevention. Cell 186, 4260–4270 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Dyck, C. H. et al. Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 388, 9–21 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tagliapietra, M. Aducanumab for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Drugs Today 58, 465–477 (2022).

Rashad, A. et al. Donanemab for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Healthcare. 11, 32 (2022).

Zhang, R., Chen, H. Z. & Liu, D. P. The Four Layers of Aging. Cell Syst. 1, 180–186 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hy, L. X. & Keller, D. M. Prevalence of AD among whites: a summary by levels of severity. Neurology 55, 198–204 (2000).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

2022 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 18, 700–789, (2022).

Ben-Shlomo, Y. et al. The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 403, 283–292 (2024).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pringsheim, T., Jette, N., Frolkis, A. & Steeves, T. D. The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov. Disord. 29, 1583–1590 (2014).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mehta, P. et al. Prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), United States, 2016. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener. 23, 220–225 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson, D., Le Heron, C. & Anderson, T. Corticobasal syndrome: a practical guide. Pr. Neurol. 21, 276–285 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Wegmann, S. et al. Experimental evidence for the age dependence of tau protein spread in the brain. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw6404 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Seltman, R. E. & Matthews, B. R. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs 26, 841–870 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Logroscino, G. et al. Incidence of Syndromes Associated With Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration in 9 European Countries. JAMA Neurol. 80, 279–286 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Squitieri, F. et al. Epidemiology of Huntington disease: first post-HTT gene analysis of prevalence in Italy. Clin. Genet 89, 367–370 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Selkoe, D. J. & Hardy, J. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease at 25 years. EMBO Mol. Med 8, 595–608 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnsten, A. F. T., Datta, D., Del Tredici, K. & Braak, H. Hypothesis: Tau pathology is an initiating factor in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 17, 115–124 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudge, J. D. A New Hypothesis for Alzheimer’s Disease: The Lipid Invasion Model. J. Alzheimers Dis. Rep. 6, 129–161 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuehn, B. M. In Alzheimer Research, Glucose Metabolism Moves to Center Stage. JAMA 323, 297–299 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leng, F. & Edison, P. Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here? Nat. Rev. Neurol. 17, 157–172 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Markesbery, W. R. Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer’s disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 23, 134–147 (1997).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craig, L. A., Hong, N. S. & McDonald, R. J. Revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35, 1397–1409 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li, X. et al. Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 8, 239 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schliebs, R. & Arendt, T. The cholinergic system in aging and neuronal degeneration. Behav. Brain Res. 221, 555–563 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCay, C. M., Maynard, L. A., Sperling, G. & Barnes, L. L. The Journal of Nutrition. Volume 18 July–December, 1939. Pages 1–13. Retarded growth, life span, ultimate body size and age changes in the albino rat after feeding diets restricted in calories. Nutr. Rev. 33, 241–243 (1975).

Article