Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E et al (2015) Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 28(3):603–661

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

UpToDate. Clinical approach to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in adults 2024. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-approach-to-staphylococcus-aureus-bacteremia-in-adults

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cohen J (1960) A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Measure 20:37–46

Article  Google Scholar 

Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ et al (2019) Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:Ed000142

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell J (2014) The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, p 7

Google Scholar 

Julian Higgins JT, Jacqueline Chandler, Miranda Cumpston, Tianjing Li, Matthew Page, Vivian Welch (2023) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane, 2023. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.

Fowler VG Jr, Kong LK, Corey GR et al (1999) Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis findings in 29 patients. J Infect Dis 179(5):1157–1161

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang FY, Peacock JE Jr, Musher DM et al (2003) Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: recurrence and the impact of antibiotic treatment in a prospective multicenter study. Medicine (Baltimore) 82(5):333–339

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim S-H, Kim K-H, Kim H-B et al (2008) Outcome of vancomycin treatment in patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52(1):192–197

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDanel JS, Perencevich EN, Diekema DJ et al (2015) Comparative effectiveness of Beta-lactams versus vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections among 122 hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 61(3):361–367

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park GE, Ko JH, Cho SY et al (2017) Empirical combination of a β-lactam to vancomycin may not improve outcomes of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, compared to vancomycin monotherapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 36(7):1091–1096

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schweizer ML, Furuno JP, Harris AD et al (2011) Comparative effectiveness of nafcillin or cefazolin versus vancomycin in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. BMC Infect Dis 11:279

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stryjewski ME, Szczech LA, Benjamin DK Jr et al (2007) Use of vancomycin or first-generation cephalosporins for the treatment of hemodialysis-dependent patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 44(2):190–196

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y (2013) Comparison of resistance in non-methicillin-resistance Staphyclooccus aureus to cefazolin and vancomycin. Chin J Hosp Pharm 33(14):1167–1171

CAS  Google Scholar 

Wong D, Wong T, Romney M et al (2016) Comparison of outcomes in patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia who are treated with β-lactam vs vancomycin empiric therapy: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 16:1–9

Article  Google Scholar 

Kadri SS (2020) Key takeaways from the U.S. CDC’s 2019 antibiotic resistance threats report for frontline providers. Crit Care Med 48(7):939–945

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McConeghy KW, Bleasdale SC, Rodvold KA (2013) The empirical combination of vancomycin and a β-lactam for Staphylococcal bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 57(12):1760–1765

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stevens DL (2006) The role of vancomycin in the treatment paradigm. Clin Infect Dis 42(Suppl 1):S51–S57

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baquero F, Levin BR (2021) Proximate and ultimate causes of the bactericidal action of antibiotics. Nat Rev Microbiol 19(2):123–132

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cui L, Iwamoto A, Lian JQ et al (2006) Novel mechanism of antibiotic resistance originating in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50(2):428–438

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Larsson AJ, Walker KJ, Raddatz JK et al (1996) The concentration-independent effect of monoexponential and biexponential decay in vancomycin concentrations on the killing of Staphylococcus aureus under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. J Antimicrob Chemother 38(4):589–597

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lodise TP, Graves J, Evans A et al (2008) Relationship between vancomycin MIC and failure among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia treated with vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52(9):3315–3320

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Castañeda X, García-De-la-Mària C, Gasch O et al (2021) Effectiveness of vancomycin plus cloxacillin compared with vancomycin, cloxacillin and daptomycin single therapies in the treatment of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in a rabbit model of experimental endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 76(6):1539–1546

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kimmig A, Hagel S, Weis S et al (2021) Management of staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Front Med 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.616524

Lewis PO, Covert KL, Cluck DB (2018) Cefazolin or nafcillin? —a commentary on the optimal treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemias: a meta-analysis of cefazolin versus antistaphylococcal penicillins. Ann Infect 2. https://doi.org/10.21037/aoi.2018.10.01

Nandhini P, Kumar P, Mickymaray S et al (2022) Recent developments in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) treatment: a review. Antibiotics 11(5):606. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050606

Kerry L, LaPlante Michael J, Rybak (2004) Impact of High-inoculum staphylococcus aureus on the activities of nafcillin vancomycin linezolid and daptomycin alone and in combination with gentamicin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48(12):4665–4672. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.12.4665-4672.2004

Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC et al (2011) The cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 343:d5928. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928