Li Y, Wang X, Blau DM et al (2022) Global, regional, and National disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet 399:2047–2064. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00478-0
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alfano F, Bigoni T, Caggiano FP, Papi A (2024) Respiratory syncytial virus infection in older adults: an update. Drugs Aging 41:487–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-024-01118-9
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nuttens C, Moyersoen J, Curcio D et al (2024) Differences between RSV A and RSV B subgroups and implications for pharmaceutical preventive measures. Infect Dis Ther 13:1725–1742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-024-01012-2
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Contes KM, Liu BM (2025) Epidemiology, clinical significance, and diagnosis of respiratory viruses and their co-infections in the post-COVID era. Pathogens 14:262. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14030262. PMID: 40137747
Lakshmanan K, Liu BM (2025) Impact of point-of-care testing on diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of vaccine-preventable viral infections. Diagnostics (Basel) 15:123. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15020123
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Juhn YJ, Wi CI, Takahashi PY, Ryu E, King KS, Hickman JA (2023) Incidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in older adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 6:2250634. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50634
Abu-Raya B, Viñeta Paramo M, Reicherz F, Lavoie PM (2023) Why has the epidemiology of RSV changed during the COVID-19 pandemic? EClinical Med 61:102089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102089
Puggina A, Dovizio M, Domnich A et al (2025) Demographics and clinical burden of disease among RSV-hospitalized older adults in Italy: a retrospective cohort study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 21:2479334. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2025.2479334
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tramuto F, Maida CM, Naro DD et al (2021) Respiratory syncytial virus: new challenges for molecular epidemiology surveillance and vaccination strategy in patients with ILI/SARI. Vaccines 9:1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111334
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Caini S, Stolyarov K, Sominina A et al (2022) A comparative analysis of the epidemiology of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in Russia, 2013/14 to 2018/19. J Glob Health 12:04009. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.04009
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim YK, Song SH, Ahn B et al (2022) Shift in clinical epidemiology of human parainfluenza virus type 3 and respiratory syncytial virus B infections in Korean children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multicenter retrospective study. J Korean Med Sci 37:e215. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e215
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Manzoni P, Baraldi E, Cetin I et al (2025) Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus disease across the lifespan in Italy. Pneumonia 17:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-025-00160-4
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Divarathna MVM, Rafeek RAM, Morel AJ, Aththanayake C, Noordeen F (2023) Epidemiology and risk factors of respiratory syncytial virus associated acute respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children younger than 5 years from Sri Lanka. Front Microbiol 14:1173842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1173842
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Toepfer AP, Amarin JZ, Spieker AJ et al (2024) Seasonality, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of respiratory syncytial virus disease by subtype among children aged < 5 years: new vaccine surveillance network, united States, 2016–2020. Clin Infect Dis 78:1352–1359. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciae085
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pellegrinelli L, Galli C, Bubba L et al (2020) Respiratory syncytial virus in influenza-like illness cases: epidemiology and molecular analyses of four consecutive winter seasons (2014–2015/2017–2018) in Lombardy (Northern Italy). J Med Virol 92:2999–3006. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25917
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang S, Wang Y, Zou Y, Yin CI (2025) Relationship between RSV-hospitalized children and meteorological factors: a time series analysis from 2017 to 2023. Biomed Eng Online 24:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-025-01339-y
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Niazi S, Groth R, Morawska L, Spann K, Ristovsk Z (2023) Dynamics and viability of airborne respiratory syncytial virus under various indoor air conditions. Environ Sci Technol 57:21558–21569. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c03455
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Li S, Mei C, Chen S et al (2025) Protective or limited? Maternal antibodies and RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized infants aged 28–90 days. Front Immunol 15:1437161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437616
Tsafaras GP, Ntontsi P, Xanthou G (2020) Advantages and limitations of the neonatal immune system. Front Pediatr 8:5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00005
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bøås H, Havdal LB, Størdal K et al (2024) No association between disease severity and respiratory syncytial virus subtypes RSV-A and RSV-B in hospitalized young children in Norway. PLoS ONE 19:e0298104. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298104
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zeng Y, Wang G, Yang H et al (2025) Estimating the prevalence of six common respiratory viral infections in Zhangzhou, China using nasopharyngeal swabs in adults and throat swabs in children. Sci Rep 15:487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84822-1
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Stamm P, Sagoschen I, Weise K et al (2021) Influenza and RSV incidence during COVID-19 pandemic—an observational study from in-hospital point-of-care testing. Med Microbiol Immunol 210:277–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-021-00720-7
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Abushahin A, Toma H, Alnaimi A et al (2024) Impact of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and subsequent relaxation on the prevalence of respiratory virus hospitalizations in children. BMC Pediatr 24:91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-024-04566-9
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fourgeaud J, Toubiana J, Chappuy H et al (2021) Impact of public health measures on the post-COVID-19 respiratory syncytial virus epidemics in France. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 40:2389–2395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-021-04323-1
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Britton PN, Huf N, Saravanos G et al (2020) COVID-19 public health measures and respiratory syncytial virus. Lancet 4:42–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30307-2
Liu BM, Yao Q, Cruz-Cosme R et al (2025) Genetic conservation and diversity of SARS-CoV-2 envelope gene across variants of concern. Med Virol 97:e70136. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.70136
Kaler J, Hussain A, Patel K, Hernandez T, Ray S (2023) Respiratory syncytial virus: a comprehensive review of transmission, pathophysiology, and manifestation. Cureus 15:e36342. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.36342
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Leung NHL (2021) Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 19:528–545. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00535-6
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Das MK (2022) Multicenter studies: relevance, design and implementation. Indian Pediatr 59:571–579.
Comments (0)