Schett G, McInnes IB, Neurath MF. Reframing immune-mediated inflammatory diseases through signature cytokine hubs. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(7):628–39. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1909094.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

El-Gabalawy H, Guenther LC, Bernstein CN. Epidemiology of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: incidence, prevalence, natural history, and comorbidities. J Rhuematol. 2010;85:2. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.091461.

Article  Google Scholar 

Agca R, Smulders Y, Nurmohamed M. Cardiovascular disease risk in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: recommendations for clinical practice. Heart. 2022;108(1):73. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2019-316378.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caforio ALP, Adler Y, Agostini C, Allanore Y, Anastasakis A, Arad M, et al. Diagnosis and management of myocardial involvement in systemic immune-mediated diseases: a position statement of the European society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial disease. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(35):2649–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx321.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biesbroek PS, Heslinga SC, Konings TC, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Hofman MBM, van de Ven PM, et al. Insights into cardiac involvement in ankylosing spondylitis from cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Heart. 2017;103(10):745. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310667.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bordonaro V, Bivort D, Dresselaers T, De Langhe E, Bogaert J, Symons R. Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification as novel biomarkers in risk stratification of patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Radiol. 2021;76(2):e1621–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2020.09.023.

Article  Google Scholar 

Galea N, Rosato E, Gigante A, Borrazzo C, Fiorelli A, Barchetti G, et al. Early myocardial damage and microvascular dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with systemic sclerosis: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study with cold pressor test. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(12):e0244282. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244282.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Greulich S, Mayr A, Kitterer D, Latus J, Henes J, Steubing H, et al. T1 and T2 mapping for evaluation of myocardial involvement in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2017;19(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-016-0315-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kobayashi H, Kobayashi Y, Yokoe I, Akashi Y, Takei M, Giles JT. Magnetic resonance Imaging-Detected myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis: associations with disease characteristics and N-Terminal Pro-Brain natriuretic peptide levels. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(9):1304–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23138.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mavrogeni S, Sfikakis PP, Karabela G, Stavropoulos E, Spiliotis G, Gialafos E, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic patients with connective tissue disease and recent onset left bundle branch block. Int J Cardiol. 2014;171(1):82–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.059.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robinson AA, Chow K, Salerno M. Myocardial T1 and ECV measurement: underlying concepts and technical considerations. JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12(11, Part 2):2332–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.06.031.

Kidambi A, Motwani M, Uddin A, Ripley DP, McDiarmid AK, Swoboda PP, et al. JACC: cardiovasc imaging. 2017;10(9):989–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.06.015. Myocardial Extracellular Volume Estimation by CMR Predicts Functional Recovery Following Acute MI.

Roy C, Slimani A, de Meester C, Amzulescu M, Pasquet A, Vancraeynest D, et al. Associations and prognostic significance of diffuse myocardial fibrosis by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2018;20(1):55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-018-0477-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schelbert EB, Piehler KM, Zareba KM, Moon JC, Ugander M, Messroghli DR, et al. Myocardial fibrosis quantified by extracellular volume is associated with subsequent hospitalization for heart failure, death, or both across the spectrum of ejection fraction and heart failure stage. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(12). https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.115.002613.

Dumitru RB, Bissell LA, Erhayiem B, Fent G, Kidambi A, Swoboda P, et al. Predictors of subclinical systemic sclerosis primary heart involvement characterised by microvasculopathy and myocardial fibrosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(6):2934–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa742.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)-a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inf. 2009;42(2):377–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010.

Article  Google Scholar 

Messroghli DR, Moon JC, Ferreira VM, Grosse-Wortmann L, He T, Kellman P, et al. Clinical recommendations for cardiovascular magnetic resonance mapping of T1, T2, T2* and extracellular volume: a consensus statement by the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (SCMR) endorsed by the European association for cardiovascular imagi. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2017;19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-017-0389-8.

Schulz-Menger J, Bluemke DA, Bremerich J, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, et al. Standardized image interpretation and post-processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance– 2020 update: society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (SCMR): board of trustees task force on standardized Post-Processing. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2020;22(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-020-00610-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fröjdh F, Fridman Y, Bering P, Sayeed A, Maanja M, Niklasson L, et al. Extracellular volume and global longitudinal strain both associate with outcomes but correlate minimally. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(11):2343–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.04.026.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Buuren S. Flexible imputation of missing data. CRC; 2018.

Marshall A, Altman DG, Holder RL, Royston P. Combining estimates of interest in prognostic modelling studies after multiple imputation: current practice and guidelines. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2009;9(1):57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-9-57.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rubin DB. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York: Wiley; 1987.

Book  Google Scholar 

Mavrogeni S, Sfikakis PP, Gialafos E, Bratis K, Karabela G, Stavropoulos E, et al. Cardiac tissue characterization and the diagnostic value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in systemic connective tissue diseases. Arthritis Care Res. 2014;66(1):104–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22181.

Article  Google Scholar 

Miller CA, Naish JH, Bishop P, Coutts G, Clark D, Zhao S, et al. Comprehensive validation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance techniques for the assessment of myocardial extracellular volume. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(3):373–83. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.000192.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schelbert EB, Butler J, Diez J. Why clinicians should care about the cardiac interstitium. JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12(11):2305–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.04.025.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Plein S, Erhayiem B, Fent G, Horton S, Dumitru RB, Andrews J, et al. Cardiovascular effects of biological versus conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy in treatment-naive, early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(11):1414–22. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217653.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bradham W, Ormseth MJ, Elumogo C, Palanisamy S, Liu CY, Lawson MA, et al. Absence of fibrosis and inflammation by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis patients with low to moderate disease activity. J Rheumatol. 2018;45(8):1078–84. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.170770.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malczuk E, Tlustochowicz W, Kramarz E, Kisiel B, Marczak M, Tlustochowicz M, et al. Early myocardial changes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis without known cardiovascular diseases-A comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance study. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122290.

Ntusi NA, Piechnik SK, Francis JM, Ferreira VM, Matthews PM, Robson MD et al. (2014). Diffuse myocardial fibrosis is subclinical and is associated with impaired myocardial deformation characteristics in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 16(Suppl 1):P307. https://doi.org/10.1186/532-429X-16-S1-P307. eCollection 2014.

Markousis-Mavrogenis G, Bonou M, Vartela V, Kolovou G, Venetsanopoulou A, Markatseli T, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance detects inflammatory cardiomyopathy in symptomatic patients with inflammatory joint diseases and a normal routine workup. J Clin Med. 2022;11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051428.

Giollo A, Dumitru RB, Swoboda PP, Plein S, Greenwood JP, Buch MH, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of myocardial involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;37(3):1053–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-020-02066-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ntusi NAB, Piechnik SK, Francis JM, Ferreira VM, Rai ABS, Matthews PM, et al. Subclinical myocardial inflammation and diffuse fibrosis are common in systemic sclerosis – a clinical study using myocardial T1-mapping and extracellular volume quantification. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-16-21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rodríguez-Reyna TS, Morelos-Guzman M, Hernández-Reyes P, Montero-Duarte K, Martínez-Reyes C, Reyes-Utrera C, et al. Assessment of myocardial fibrosis and microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis by magnetic resonance imaging and coronary angiotomography. Rheumatology. 2015;54(4):647–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keu350.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hachulla AL, Launay D, Gaxotte V, de Groote P, Lamblin N, Devos P, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional observational study of 52 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(12):1878. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2008.095836.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dumitru RB, Bissell LA, Erhayiem B, Kidambi A, Dumitru AH, Fent G, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in systemic sclerosis with abnormal cardiovascular MRI and serum cardiac biomarkers. RMD Open. 2021;7(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001689.

Mavrogeni S, Gargani L, Pepe A, Monti L, Markousis-Mavrogenis G, De Santis M, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance predicts ventricular arrhythmias in scleroderma: the scleroderma arrhythmia clinical utility study (SAnCtUS). Rheumatology. 2019;59(8):1938–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez494.

Article  PubMed Central