Libman I, Haynes A, Lyons S, Pradeep P, Rwagasor E, Tung JY, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1160–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13454.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brenu EW, Harris M, Hamilton-Williams EE. Circulating biomarkers during progression to type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1117076. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1117076.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. 2021 [cited 2024 Apr 17]. Available from: https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition/

Ogle DG, Wang F, Gregory GA, Maniam J. Type 1 diabetes numbers in children and adults. In: Magliano D, Boyko EJ, Genitsaridi I, Piemonte L, Riley P, Salpea P, editors. IDF Atlas Reports. 2022 [cited 2024 Apr 17]. Available from: https://diabetesatlas.org/idfawp/resource-files/2022/12/IDF-T1D-Index-Report.pdf

Kaushik P, Reed B, Kalirai S, Perez-Nieves M. Challenges in insulin initiation among hispanics/latinos with diabetes in the united States. Prim Care Diabetes. 2020;14(5):401–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2019.12.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Atik Altınok Y. Tip 1 Diyabetli Çocuk ve Adölesanların Beslenme Sorunlarına Yaklaşım ve Yetişkin kliniğe Devri. J Nutr Diet. 2019;47:52–9. https://doi.org/10.33076/2019.BDD.1315.

Article  Google Scholar 

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Design and methodologic considerations for the feasibility phase. DCCT Res Group Diabetes. 1986;35(5):530–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/01457217890150031.

Article  Google Scholar 

Porcel-Chacón R, Antúnez-Fernández C, Mora Loro M, Ariza-Jimenez AB, Tapia Ceballos L, Jimenez Hinojosa JM, et al. Good metabolic control in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: does glycated hemoglobin correlate with interstitial glucose monitoring using freestyle libre?? J Clin Med. 2021;10(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214913.

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. Glycemic targets: standards of care in diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S97–110. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-S006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sundberg F, de Beaufort C, Krogvold L, Patton S, Piloya T, Smart C, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: managing diabetes in preschoolers. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1496–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13427.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rai M, Kishore J. Myths about diabetes and its treatment in North Indian population. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2009;29(3):129–32. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-3930.54290.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Denniss E, Lindberg R, McNaughton SA. Nutrition-related information on instagram: A content analysis of posts by popular Australian accounts. Nutrients. 2023;15(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102332.

Wang RH, Hong YW, Li CC, Li SL, Liu JL, Wu CH, et al. Using social media data in diabetes care: bridging the conceptual gap between health providers and the network population. BMC Prim Care. 2022;23(1):241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-022-01846-0.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alsunni AA, Albaker WI, Badar A. Determinants of misconceptions about diabetes among Saudi diabetic patients attending diabetes clinic at a tertiary care hospital in Eastern Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med. 2014;21(2):93–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8229.134764.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anderson RM, Funnell MM. Patient empowerment: Myths and misconceptions. Patient Educ Couns. 2010;79(3):277–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2009.07.025.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brod M, Alolga SL, Meneghini L. Barriers to initiating insulin in type 2 diabetes patients: developing a new patient education tool to address myths, misconceptions, and clinical realities. Patient. 2014;7(4):437–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40271-014-0068-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen CC, Chen CL, Ko Y. The misconceptions and determinants of diabetes knowledge in patients with diabetes in Taiwan. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:2953521. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2953521.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kanungo A. Myths about type 1 diabetes: awareness and education. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(Suppl 1):S24–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.155362.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pearce LC. New evidence-based diabetes nutrition recommendations: correcting Myths and updating practice. Home Healthc Nurse. 2003;21(4):249–59. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004045-200304000-00011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. WHO child growth standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. World Health Organization. 2006 [cited 2024 Apr 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/924154693X

Weir CB, Jan A. BMI classification percentile and cut-off points. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [cited 2024 Apr 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541070/

American Diabetes Association. About diabetes: Know your facts about diabetes [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 17]. Available from: https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/diabetes-myths

Diabetes Australia. Myths & facts [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 17]. Available from: https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/about-diabetes/myths-facts/

Diabetes UK. Diabetes myths and frequently asked questions [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 17]. Available from: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics/myths-and-faqs

Annan SF, Higgins LA, Jelleryd E, Hannon T, Rose S, Salis S, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1297–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13429.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clerc A. Nutrition education to type 1 diabetes patients: few changes over the time. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc. 2023;4:1243237. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1243237.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matejko B, Morawska-Tota M, Tota L, Flakus M, Cyranka K, Kiec-Wilk B, et al. Association of short- and long-term metabolic control parameters with personality traits in adult type 1 diabetes treated with personal insulin pumps. Psychiatr Pol. 2023;57(2):431–42. https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/145647.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sastre J, Pines PJ, Del Val F, Moreno-Fernandez J, Gonzalez Lopez J, Quiroga I, et al. Metabolic control and treatment regimens in patients with type 1 diabetes in Castilla-La mancha, 10 years later: the 2020 DIACAM1 study. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2022;69(7):483–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endien.2022.07.006.

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Apr 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

Vilarrasa N, San Jose P, Rubio M, Lecube A. Obesity in patients with type 1 diabetes: links, risks and management challenges. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021;14:2807–17. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S223618.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kueh MTW, Chew NWS, Al-Ozairi E. The emergence of obesity in type 1 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond). 2024;48:289–301. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-023-01429-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oboza P, Ogarek N, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Kocelak P. Can type 1 diabetes be an unexpected complication of obesity? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1121303. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1121303.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Corbin KD, Driscoll KA, Pratley RE, Smith SR, Maahs DM, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Obesity in type 1 diabetes: pathophysiology, clinical impact, and mechanisms. Endocr Rev. 2018;39(5):629–63. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2017-00191.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giandalia A, Russo GT, Ruggeri P, Giancaterini A, Brun E, Cristofaro M, et al. The burden of obesity in type 1 diabetic subjects: A sex-specific analysis from the AMD annals initiative. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(11):e1224–35. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad302.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Bock M, Codner E, Craig ME, Huynh T, Maahs DM, Mahmud FH, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: glycemic targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young people with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1270–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13455.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Qahtani SM, Shati AA, Alqahtani YA, AlAsmari AA, Almahdi MA, Al Hassan AA. Factors affecting glycemic control among Saudi children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Aseer region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(18):11558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811558.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Iregbu SC, Duggleby W, Spiers J, Salami B. An interpretive description of Sociocultural influences on diabetes self-management support in Nigeria. Glob Qual Nurs Res. 2022;9:23333936221121337. https://doi.org/10.1177/23333936221121337.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central