Reuter S, Gupta SC, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB (2010) Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radic Biol Med 49(11):1603–1616

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F (2008) Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 454(7203):436–444

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coussens LM, Werb Z (2002) Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420(6917):860–867

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Swann JB, Smyth MJ (2007) Immune surveillance of tumors. J Clin Invest 117(5):1137–1146

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Nunzio C, Presicce F, Tubaro A (2016) Inflammatory mediators in the development and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nat Rev Urol 13(10):613–626

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gandaglia G, Zaffuto E, Fossati N, Cucchiara V, Mirone V, Montorsi F et al (2017) The role of prostatic inflammation in the development and progression of benign and malignant diseases. Curr Opin Urol 27(2):99–106

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cornford P, van den Bergh RCN, Briers E, Van den Broeck T, Brunckhorst O, Darraugh J et al (2024) EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-ISUP-SIOG guidelines on prostate Cancer-2024 Update. Part I: Screening, Diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent. Eur Urol 86(2):148–163

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Newman AM, Liu CL, Green MR, Gentles AJ, Feng W, Xu Y et al (2015) Robust enumeration of cell subsets from tissue expression profiles. Nat Methods 12(5):453–457

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abbas AR, Baldwin D, Ma Y, Ouyang W, Gurney A, Martin F et al (2005) Immune response in Silico (IRIS): immune-specific genes identified from a compendium of microarray expression data. Genes Immun 6(4):319–331

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Irani J, Levillain P, Goujon JM, Bon D, Doré B, Aubert J (1997) Inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia: correlation with prostate specific antigen value. J Urol 157(4):1301–1303

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Falagario U, Selvaggio O, Carrieri G, Barret E, Sanguedolce F, Cormio L (2018) Prostatic inflammation is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia rather than prostate cancer. J Gerontol Geriatr 66(4):178–182

Google Scholar 

Gravas S, De Nunzio C, Campos Pinheiro L,Ponce de León J, Skriapas K, Milad Z, Lombardo R, Medeiros M, Makrides P, Samarinas M, Gacci M. Development and validation of a clinical nomogram to predict prostatic inflammation in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2025 Jun;28(2):405-410.doi: 10.1038/s41391-024-00857-5. Epub 2024 Jul 6. PMID: 38971935; PMCID: PMC12106073.

De Nunzio C, Salonia A, Gacci M, Ficarra V (2020) Inflammation is a target of medical treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. World J Urol 38(11):2771–2779

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sanguedolce F, Falagario UG, Castellan P, Di Nauta M, Silecchia G, Bruno SM et al (2020) Bioptic intraprostatic chronic inflammation predicts adverse pathology at radical prostatectomy in patients with low-grade prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 38(10):793e19–e25

Article  Google Scholar 

Falagario UG, Sanguedolce F, Cormio A, Ninivaggi A, Finati M, Guzzi F, Busetto GM, Bettocchi C, Castellani D, Carrieri G, Cormio L. The Novel Histological Prostatic Inflammation Score Helps Defining the Association Between Stromal and Glandular Inflammation with the Risk of Prostate Cancer at Prostate Biopsy. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025 Jan 13;15(2):166. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics15020166. PMID: 39857050; PMCID: PMC11763971.

Cormio L, Lorusso F, Selvaggio O, Perrone A, Sanguedolce F, Pagliarulo V et al (2013) Noninfiltrative anesthesia for transrectal prostate biopsy: a randomized prospective study comparing lidocaine-prilocaine cream and lidocaine-ketorolac gel. Urol Oncol 31(1):68–73

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cormio L, Pagliarulo V, Lorusso F, Selvaggio O, Perrone A, Sanguedolce F et al (2012) Combined perianal-intrarectal (PI) lidocaine-prilocaine (LP) cream and lidocaine-ketorolac gel provide better pain relief than combined PI LP cream and periprostatic nerve block during transrectal prostate biopsy. BJU Int 109(12):1776–1780

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cormio L, Scattoni V, Lorusso F, Perrone A, Di Fino G, Selvaggio O et al (2014) Prostate cancer detection rates in different biopsy schemes. Which cores for which patients? World J Urol 32(2):341–346

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Falagario UG, Abbadi A, Remmers S, Björnebo L, Bogdanovic D, Martini A et al (2023) Biochemical recurrence and risk of mortality following radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy. JAMA Netw Open 6(9):e2332900

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blum DL, Koyama T, M’Koma AE, Iturregui JM, Martinez-Ferrer M, Uwamariya C et al (2008) Chemokine markers predict biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer following prostatectomy. Clin Cancer Res 14(23):7790–7797

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akashi T, Koizumi K, Nagakawa O, Fuse H, Saiki I (2006) Androgen receptor negatively influences the expression of chemokine receptors (CXCR4, CCR1) and ligand-mediated migration in prostate cancer DU-145. Oncol Rep 16(4):831–836

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suzuki K, Nakazato H, Matsui H, Hasumi M, Shibata Y, Ito K et al (2001) NK cell-mediated anti-tumor immune response to human prostate cancer cell, PC-3: Immunogene therapy using a highly secretable form of interleukin-15 gene transfer. J Leukoc Biol 69(4):531–537

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu JD, Higgins LM, Steinle A, Cosman D, Haugk K, Plymate SR (2004) Prevalent expression of the immunostimulatory MHC class I chain-related molecule is counteracted by shedding in prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 114(4):560–568

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao SG, Lehrer J, Chang SL, Das R, Erho N, Liu Y et al (2019) The immune landscape of prostate cancer and nomination of PD-L2 as a potential therapeutic target. J Natl Cancer Inst 111(3):301–310

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Madersbacher S, Sampson N, Culig Z (2019) Pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Benign Prostatic Enlargement: A Mini-Review. Gerontology. ;65(5):458–464. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496289. Epub 2019 Apr 3. PMID: 30943489